{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T17:51:32Z","timestamp":1791827492207,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)","issue":"27","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Conflicting reports remain regarding the association between vasectomy, a common form of male contraception in the United States, and prostate cancer risk. We examined prospectively this association with extended follow-up and an emphasis on advanced and lethal disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among 49,405 US men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study, age 40 to 75 years at baseline in 1986, 6,023 patients with prostate cancer were diagnosed during the follow-up to 2010, including 811 lethal cases. In total, 12,321 men (25%) had vasectomies. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the relative risk (RR) and 95% CIs of total, advanced, high-grade, and lethal disease, with adjustment for a variety of possible confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vasectomy was associated with a small increased risk of prostate cancer overall (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.17). Risk was elevated for high-grade (Gleason score 8 to 10; RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.45) and lethal disease (death or distant metastasis; RR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.43). Among a subcohort of men receiving regular prostate-specific antigen screening, the association with lethal cancer was stronger (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.36). Vasectomy was not associated with the risk of low-grade or localized disease. Additional analyses suggested that the associations were not driven by differences in sex hormone levels, sexually transmitted infections, or cancer treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data support the hypothesis that vasectomy is associated with a modest increased incidence of lethal prostate cancer. The results do not appear to be due to detection bias, and confounding by infections or cancer treatment is unlikely.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2013.54.8446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,8]],"date-time":"2014-07-08T04:57:06Z","timestamp":1404795426000},"page":"3033-3038","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Vasectomy and Risk of Aggressive Prostate Cancer: A 24-Year Follow-Up Study"],"prefix":"10.1200","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Mohummad Minhaj","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohummad Minhaj Siddiqui, Kathryn M. Wilson, Mara M. Epstein, Jennifer R. Rider, Meir J. Stampfer, Edward L. Giovannucci, and Lorelei A. Mucci, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Kathryn M. Wilson, Mara M. Epstein, Jennifer R. Rider, Meir J. Stampfer, Edward L. Giovannucci, and Lorelei A. Mucci, Harvard School of Public Health; Neil E. Martin, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; and Mara M. 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Wilson, Mara M. Epstein, Jennifer R. Rider, Meir J. Stampfer, Edward L. Giovannucci, and Lorelei A. Mucci, Harvard School of Public Health; Neil E. Martin, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; and Mara M. Epstein, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"Rider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mohummad Minhaj Siddiqui, Kathryn M. Wilson, Mara M. Epstein, Jennifer R. Rider, Meir J. Stampfer, Edward L. Giovannucci, and Lorelei A. Mucci, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Kathryn M. Wilson, Mara M. Epstein, Jennifer R. Rider, Meir J. Stampfer, Edward L. Giovannucci, and Lorelei A. Mucci, Harvard School of Public Health; Neil E. Martin, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; and Mara M. 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