{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T06:31:14Z","timestamp":1793082674517,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["ascopubs.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JCO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective studies suggest that metastasis-directed therapy (MDT) for oligorecurrent prostate cancer (PCa) improves progression-free survival. We aimed to assess the benefit of MDT in a randomized phase II trial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this multicenter, randomized, phase II study, patients with asymptomatic PCa were eligible if they had had a biochemical recurrence after primary PCa treatment with curative intent, three or fewer extracranial metastatic lesions on choline positron emission tomography\u2013computed tomography, and serum testosterone levels &gt; 50 ng\/mL. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either surveillance or MDT of all detected lesions (surgery or stereotactic body radiotherapy). Surveillance was performed with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) follow-up every 3 months, with repeated imaging at PSA progression or clinical suspicion for progression. Random assignment was balanced dynamically on the basis of two factors: PSA doubling time (\u2264 3 v &gt; 3 months) and nodal versus non-nodal metastases. The primary end point was androgen deprivation therapy (ADT)\u2013free survival. ADT was started at symptomatic progression, progression to more than three metastases, or local progression of known metastases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between August 2012 and August 2015, 62 patients were enrolled. At a median follow-up time of 3 years (interquartile range, 2.3-3.75 years), the median ADT-free survival was 13 months (80% CI, 12 to 17 months) for the surveillance group and 21 months (80% CI, 14 to 29 months) for the MDT group (hazard ratio, 0.60 [80% CI, 0.40 to 0.90]; log-rank P = .11). Quality of life was similar between arms at baseline and remained comparable at 3-month and 1-year follow-up. Six patients developed grade 1 toxicity in the MDT arm. No grade 2 to 5 toxicity was observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ADT-free survival was longer with MDT than with surveillance alone for oligorecurrent PCa, suggesting that MDT should be explored further in phase III trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.2017.75.4853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,14]],"date-time":"2017-12-14T15:59:33Z","timestamp":1513267173000},"page":"446-453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1240,"title":["Surveillance or Metastasis-Directed Therapy for Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer Recurrence: A Prospective, Randomized, Multicenter Phase II Trial"],"prefix":"10.1200","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Piet","family":"Ost","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dries","family":"Reynders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karel","family":"Decaestecker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Fonteyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolaas","family":"Lumen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lie","family":"De Bruycker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bieke","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louke","family":"Delrue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9e","family":"Bultijnck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Claeys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Els","family":"Goetghebeur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert","family":"Villeirs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathia","family":"De Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Ameye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignace","family":"Billiet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Joniau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedl","family":"Vanhaverbeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gert","family":"De Meerleer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Piet Ost, Dries Reynders, Val\u00e9rie Fonteyne, Aur\u00e9lie De Bruycker, Bieke Lambert, Ren\u00e9e Bultijnck, Els Goetghebeur, Kathia De Man, and Gert De Meerleer, Ghent University, Ghent; Karel Decaestecker, Nicolaas Lumen, Louke Delrue, Tom Claeys, and Geert Villeirs, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent; Filip Ameye, AZ Maria Middelares, Ghent; Ignace Billiet, AZ Groeninge Kortrijk, Kortrijk; Steven Joniau, Catholic University Leuven, Leuven; and Friedl Vanhaverbeke, AZ Nikolaas, Sint-Niklass, Belgium."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"233","reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.11.023"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.08.002"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.08.055"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.07.073"},{"key":"B5","author":"De Bruycker A","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1995.13.1.8"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14347"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7605"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2014.09.004"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-14-671"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.07.035"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1118\/1.3438081"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/54\/9\/N04"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.1.80"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00434743"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/85.5.365"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2011.10.033"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.01.149"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-12-305"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-717X-9-135"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.22750"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.12.4487"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.30784"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.73.9987"},{"key":"B25","author":"Gillessen S","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.07.004"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.06.021"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000437"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000441"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)00107-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Oncology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/pdfdirect\/10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.4853","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,29]],"date-time":"2022-05-29T06:09:17Z","timestamp":1653804557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.4853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.4853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/jco.2017.75.4853","relation":{},"ISSN":["0732-183X","1527-7755"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0732-183X","type":"print"},{"value":"1527-7755","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-12-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}