{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T01:48:01Z","timestamp":1791424081088,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["ascopubs.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JCO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>PURPOSE<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Recent studies suggested fine particulate matter (PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              ) exposure increases the risk of breast cancer, but evidence among racially and ethnically diverse populations remains sparse.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>MATERIALS AND METHODS<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among 58,358 California female participants of the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) Study followed for an average of 19.3 years (1993-2018), we used Cox proportional hazards regression to examine associations of time-varying PM with invasive breast cancer risk (n = 3,524 cases; 70% African American and Latino females), adjusting for sociodemographics and lifestyle factors. Subgroup analyses were conducted for race and ethnicity, hormone receptor status, and breast cancer risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Satellite-based PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              was associated with a statistically significant increased incidence of breast cancer (hazard ratio [HR] per 10 \u03bcg\/m\n              <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n              , 1.28 [95% CI, 1.08 to 1.51]). We found no evidence of heterogeneity in associations by race and ethnicity and hormone receptor status. Family history of breast cancer showed evidence of heterogeneity in PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              -associations (\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:sub>heterogeneity<\/jats:sub>\n              = .046). In a meta-analysis of the MEC and 10 other prospective cohorts, breast cancer incidence increased in association with exposure to PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              (HR per 10 \u03bcg\/m\n              <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n              increase, 1.05 [95% CI, 1.00 to 1.10];\n              <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n              = .064).\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>CONCLUSION<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>\n              Findings from this large multiethnic cohort with long-term air pollutant exposure and published prospective cohort studies support PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              as a risk factor for breast cancer. As about half of breast cancer cannot be explained by established breast cancer risk factors and incidence is continuing to increase, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, our results highlight that breast cancer prevention should include not only individual-level behavior-centered approaches but also population-wide policies and regulations to curb PM\n              <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n              exposure.\n            <\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1200\/jco.24.00418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T19:59:18Z","timestamp":1728417558000},"page":"273-284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Air Pollution and Breast Cancer Incidence in the Multiethnic Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1200","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0546-902X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna H.","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiuchen","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7099-9022","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel O.","family":"Stram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Shariff-Marco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2208-982X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Timothy","family":"Larson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil &amp; Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental &amp; Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0428-2769","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deborah","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Fruin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3372-1974","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anqi","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2648-2477","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pushkar P.","family":"Inamdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9469-8184","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ugonna","family":"Ihenacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lo\u00efc","family":"Le Marchand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Sciences in the Pacific Program (Cancer Epidemiology), University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, 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