{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:26:24Z","timestamp":1790922384488,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["ascopubs.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JCO Oncology Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Blacks have the highest incidence and mortality from most cancers. The reasons for these disparities remain unclear. Blacks are exposed to adverse social determinants because of historic and contemporary racist polices; however, how these determinants affect the disparities that Blacks experience is understudied. As a result of discriminatory community policies, like redlining, Blacks have higher exposure to air pollution and neighborhood deprivation. Studies investigating how these factors affect tumor biology are emerging. We highlight the literature that connects racism-related community exposure to the tumor biology in breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer. Further investigations that clarify the link between adverse social determinants that result from systemic racism and aggressive tumor biology are required if health equity is to be achieved. Without recognition that racism is a public health risk with carcinogenic impact, health care delivery and cancer care will never achieve excellence. In response, health systems ought to establish corrective actions to improve Black population health and bring medical justice to marginalized racialized groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1200\/op.21.00297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,13]],"date-time":"2021-07-13T19:59:24Z","timestamp":1626206364000},"page":"15-22","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/crossmark","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Calling Attention to the Role of Race-Driven Societal Determinants of Health on Aggressive Tumor Biology: A Focus on Black Americans"],"prefix":"10.1200","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6209-508X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimlin T.","family":"Ashing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA"},{"name":"African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2084-6815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fornati","family":"Bedell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology and Urologic Oncology, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanyanika","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology and Therapeutics Research, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5847-9312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loretta","family":"Erhunmwunsee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"233","reference":[{"key":"b1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21555"},{"key":"b2","unstructured":"Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, et al (eds): SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975\u20132013. Bethesda, MD, National Cancer Institute, 2016, pp 2016"},{"key":"b3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30569-X"},{"key":"b4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-soc-071811-145508"},{"key":"b5","first-page":"13","volume":"11","author":"Groos M","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Health Disparities Res Pract"},{"key":"b6","volume-title":"Social Determinants of Health","author":"HealthyPeople2020","year":"2020"},{"key":"b7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2017.1341026"},{"key":"b8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05333.x"},{"key":"b9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112758"},{"key":"b10","volume-title":"The Wrong Complexion For Protection. How Race Shaped America's Roadways And Cities. Weekend Edition Sunday, National Public Radio","author":"Valentine A","year":"2020"},{"key":"b11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1818859116"},{"key":"b12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-015-0069-5"},{"key":"b13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181567d14"},{"key":"b14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.06.019"},{"key":"b15","first-page":"1","author":"Prada D","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res Treat"},{"key":"b16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.110440"},{"key":"b17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-020-01317-w"},{"key":"b18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.5357"},{"key":"b19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz114"},{"key":"b20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17313"},{"key":"b21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00378-0"},{"key":"b22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx166"},{"key":"b23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1509777"},{"key":"b24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17134874"},{"key":"b25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408882"},{"key":"b26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5131"},{"key":"b27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2012-101211"},{"key":"b28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13020191"},{"key":"b29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph9124365"},{"key":"b30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061092"},{"key":"b31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-15-1126"},{"key":"b32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2819372"},{"key":"b33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(03)00402-7"},{"key":"b34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2010.07.001"},{"key":"b35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100517"},{"key":"b36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21583"},{"key":"b37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-200502000-00007"},{"key":"b38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-006-0102-y"},{"key":"b39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.24.2.325"},{"key":"b40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-020-09049-6"},{"key":"b41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000004451"},{"key":"b42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.29935"},{"key":"b43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-017-5977-1"},{"key":"b44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soc.2014.03.014"},{"key":"b45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.0307"},{"key":"b46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1971400920965970"},{"key":"b47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.1854"},{"key":"b48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2018.11.002"},{"key":"b49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24986","volume":"116","author":"Yang R","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"b50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2019.06.1481"},{"key":"b51","volume":"26","author":"Blackman E","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"b52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgy047"},{"key":"b53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2018.12.004"},{"key":"b54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02527"},{"key":"b55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/sop.2008.51.4.759"},{"key":"b56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5331-z"},{"key":"b57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-2818"},{"key":"b58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602707"},{"key":"b59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228188"},{"key":"b60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2016.1057"},{"key":"b61","author":"Erhunmwunsee L","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"b62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.04.003"},{"key":"b63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.12994","volume":"38","author":"Heath EI","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"b64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1319"},{"key":"b65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07423"},{"key":"b66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1999.17.2.668"},{"key":"b67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3835(96)04202-4"},{"key":"b68","first-page":"1037","volume":"5","author":"Suzuki Y","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"b69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2007.03.008"},{"key":"b70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602258"},{"key":"b71","first-page":"623","volume":"18","author":"Sasaki H","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"b72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020017"},{"key":"b73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2030638"},{"key":"b74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107327481602300405"},{"key":"b76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.06.019"},{"key":"b77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21314"},{"key":"b78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a030387"},{"key":"b79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/93.5.388"},{"key":"b80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-08-0203"},{"key":"b81","first-page":"9193","volume":"25","author":"Fuletra JG","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Urol"},{"key":"b82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0150"},{"key":"b83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32734"},{"key":"b84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21551"},{"key":"b85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-020-03585-z"},{"key":"b86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/4495"},{"key":"b87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr162"},{"key":"b88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21632"},{"key":"b89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.11.005"},{"key":"b90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040392"},{"key":"b91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.08.019"},{"key":"b92","first-page":"1112","volume":"9","author":"Ashktorab H","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"b93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-18-3235"},{"key":"b94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.23800"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1200\/op.22.00691","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668124800000}}],"container-title":["JCO Oncology Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/pdfdirect\/10.1200\/OP.21.00297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T00:37:23Z","timestamp":1699231043000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ascopubs.org\/doi\/10.1200\/OP.21.00297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1200\/OP.21.00297"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/op.21.00297","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1200\/OP.22.00691","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2688-1527","2688-1535"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2688-1527","type":"print"},{"value":"2688-1535","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-04-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-05-26","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-06-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}