{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:54:01Z","timestamp":1773392041756,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Human-Comp. Interaction","HHCI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]]},"DOI":"10.1207\/s15327051hci1102_1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,3,23]],"date-time":"2005-03-23T20:23:19Z","timestamp":1111609399000},"page":"97-124","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":286,"title":["When the Interface Is a Face"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lee","family":"Sproull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mani","family":"Subramani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Kiesler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","reference":[{"key":"p_1_23","unstructured":"Backstrom, C. H. & Hursh-Cesar, G. (1981). Survey research (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley."},{"key":"p_2_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1978.10479992","volume":"73","author":"Bailey L.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"p_3_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker, M. J. & Churchill, J. (1977). The impact of physically attractive models on advertising evaluations. J o u m l of Marketing Research, 14,538-555.","DOI":"10.1177\/002224377701400411"},{"key":"p_4_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berscheid, E. & Walster, E. (1974). Physical attractiveness. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in exfirimental socialpsychology (pp. 157-215). New York: Academic.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60037-4"},{"key":"p_5_27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(89)90050-8"},{"key":"p_6_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blascovich, J. & Tomaka, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. W. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures ofpersowlity and socialpsyclrological attitudes (pp. 115-160). San Diego: Academic.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-590241-0.50008-3"},{"key":"p_7_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1037\/h0032382","volume":"77","author":"Bond E. K.","year":"1972","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"p_8_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradburn, N. (1983). Response effects. In P. H. Rossi, D. Wri t, & A. B. Anderson (Eds.), H p * k f ofsurvey n r e d (pp. 2*9-32d.~ew y o r e Academic.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-598226-9.50014-8"},{"key":"p_9_31","unstructured":"Buss, A. H. & momin, R. (1984). %n@wammt: &arty Bslrskgiftg p r s m l i l y &a&. Hillsdale, Nj: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc."},{"key":"p_10_32","unstructured":"Chen, M. (1985). Gender differences in adolescents' uses of and attitudes toward computers. In M. McLaughlin (Ed.), Cmmunication yearbook (pp. 200-216). Beverly Hilb, CA: Sage."},{"key":"p_11_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Collins, N. L. & Miller, L. C. (1994). Self-disclosure and liking: A meta-analytic review. R y d r o w Bulb&, 176,457-475.","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.3.457"},{"key":"p_12_34","unstructured":"Deiner, E., Fraser, S. C., Beaman, A. L. & Kelem, R. T. (1976). Effects of deindividusting variables on stealing by Halloween Mck-or-treaters. Journal of PGrsomZily and SoGfal ~ d r o l o ~ , 33,178-183."},{"key":"p_13_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duffy, S. A. & Pisoni, D. B. (1992). Comprehension of synthetic speech produced by rule: A review and theoretical interpretation. Lmguagc and S'eech, 35, 351-389.","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099203500401"},{"key":"p_14_36","unstructured":"Eichenwald, K. (1986, November 2). Hi, voter. This is your president. New York Times, p. 19."},{"key":"p_16_37","unstructured":"Hall, A. (1979). Gender, gender roles, and nonverbal communication skills. In R. d osenthal (Ed.), Skid in ~nwrbal cmmunicatidn (pp. 32-67). Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain."},{"key":"p_17_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helmreich, R. & Stapp, J. (1974). Short forms of the Texas Social Behavior Inventory (TSBI), an objective measure of self-esteem. Bulletin of he Rydonmic Society, 4,473-475.","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03334260"},{"key":"p_18_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilton, J. L. & Darley, J. M. (1991). Effects of interaction goals on person perception. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advanus i~ expdmmkrl social psy&logy (pp. 235-267). San Diego: Academic.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60331-7"},{"key":"p_19_40","first-page":"165","volume":"3","author":"Holroyd K. A.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cognitive TlCrrapr and Research"},{"key":"p_20_41","unstructured":"Itou, K. S., Hayamizu, S. & Tanaka, H. (1992). Continuous speech recognition by context-dependent phonetic HMM and an efficient algorithm for finding N-best sentence hypotheses. Aoceedtirgs of ZCASSP '92, 121-124. San Francisco: IEEE Press."},{"key":"p_21_42","first-page":"243","volume":"50","author":"Kiesler S.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arblic Opinion Quarterly"},{"key":"p_22_43","unstructured":"Klatt, D. H. & Matt, L. C. (1990). Analysis, synthesis, and rception of voice quality variations among f d e and mde talkers.\/ouml ark ~mwtical Soci~ty ofAmerica, 87,820-856."},{"key":"p_23_44","unstructured":"Laurel, B. (1990). Interface agents: Metaphors with character. In B. Laurel (Ed.), Tlre art of hunran-cmngtter ifftcfotz design (pp. 355-365). New York: Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"p_24_45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00288152"},{"key":"p_25_46","unstructured":"Maslach, C. (1979). Ne ative emotional biasing of unexplained arousal. Journal of Ikmu61iiy aul ~ . r ( . 1 !&d&gy, 33,953469."},{"key":"p_26_47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-295X.98.2.164"},{"key":"p_28_48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ijhc.1994.1025"},{"key":"p_29_49","unstructured":"Nass, C., Steuer, J. & Tauber, E. R. (1994). Computers are social actors. In Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computer s),stMnr, 72-78. Boston: ACM."},{"key":"p_30_50","unstructured":"Oren, T., Salomon, G. & Kreitman, K. (1990). Guides: Characterizing the interface. In B. Laurel (Ed.), Tlu art of human-computcr interface d u e (pp. 367-381). New York: Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"p_31_51","first-page":"5442","volume":"48","author":"O'Sullivan M.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psyhlogy"},{"key":"p_32_52","unstructured":"Ousterhout, J. K. (1994). Tcl and the Tk Toolkit. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"p_33_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulhus, D. L. (1991). Measurement and control of response bias. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. W. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures Ofpersonality and social psyhological attitudes (pp. 17-60). San Diego: Academic.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-590241-0.50006-X"},{"key":"p_34_54","first-page":"769","volume":"725","author":"Resnick P. V.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Journal of Social Psychology"},{"key":"p_35_55","unstructured":"Schuman, H. & Presser, S. (1981). Questions and answers in attitude surveys: ExpcrimGntJ in questionform, wording, and context. New York: Academic."},{"key":"p_36_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shneiderman, B. (1987). Designing the user intefacc: Strategicsfor effective human-computcr interaction Boston: Addison-Wesley.","DOI":"10.1145\/25065.950626"},{"key":"p_37_57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00288060"},{"key":"p_38_58","first-page":"467","volume":"27","author":"Snell W. E., Jr.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Scx Rolcs"},{"key":"p_39_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snyder, M. (1984). When belief creates reality. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental socialpsychology (pp. 247-305). Orlando, FL: Academic.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60146-X"},{"key":"p_40_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sproull, L., Kiesler, S. & Zubrow, I). (1984). Encountering an alien culture. J o u m l of Social Issucs, 4q3), 31-48.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1984.tb00190.x"},{"key":"p_41_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeuchi, A. & Nagao, K. (1993). Communicative facial displays as a new conversational modality. Proceedings of INTERCHI '93, 187- 193. Amsterdam: ACM.","DOI":"10.1145\/169059.169156"},{"key":"p_42_62","unstructured":"Thorisson, K. R. (1993). Dialog control in social interface agents. Roccedings of INTERCHI '93,139-140. Amsterdam: ACM."},{"key":"p_43_63","unstructured":"Turkle, S. (1984). Tire second st& Computers and the human spirit. New York: Simon & Schuster."},{"key":"p_44_64","unstructured":"Walker, J., Sproull, L. & Subramani, R. (1994). Using a human face in an interface. Roceedings of the ConfGrcnce on Human Factors in Computers '94, 85-91. Boston: ACM."},{"key":"p_45_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warner, R. M. & Sugarman, D. B. (1986). Attributions of personality based on physical appearance, speech, and handwriting. J o u m l of Personulity and Social Psychobg~, 50,792-799.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.50.4.792"},{"key":"p_46_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1145\/37402.37405","volume":"21","author":"Waters K.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Computer Graphics"},{"key":"p_47_67","unstructured":"Waters, K. & Levergood, T. M. (1994). An automatic li synchronization algorithm for synthetic faces. Roc6:edings of the M~~lthQaiia 8kmtG 31, 149-156. San Francisco: ACM."},{"key":"p_48_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waterton, J. J. & Duffy, J. C. (1984). A comparison of computer interviewing techniques and traditional methods in the collection of self-report alcohol consumption data in a field study. Intewwtional Statistical &vim, 52, 173- 182.","DOI":"10.2307\/1403100"},{"key":"p_49_69","unstructured":"Weizenbaum, J. (1976). ComputGrpower and human reason. San Francisco: Freeman."},{"key":"p_50_70","unstructured":"Wrightsman, L. S. (1974). Assum tiotls about human mbure: A sociol-9~ydolagrcaL analysis. Monterey, CA: Brooks Cole."},{"key":"p_51_71","first-page":"269","volume":"149","author":"Zajonc R.","year":"1965","journal-title":"Scicnte"}],"container-title":["Human-Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1207\/s15327051hci1102_1","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T17:57:05Z","timestamp":1683050225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1207\/s15327051hci1102_1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["784767768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327051hci1102_1","relation":{},"ISSN":["0737-0024"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0737-0024","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,6,1]]}}}