{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T22:02:23Z","timestamp":1775080943008,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]],"date-time":"2006-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1138752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pers Soc Psychol Rev"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Human cognition is often biased, from judgments of the time of impact of approaching objects all the way through to estimations of social outcomes in the future. We propose these effects and a host of others may all be understood from an evolutionary psychological perspective. In this article, we elaborate error management theory (EMT; Haselton &amp; Buss, 2000). EMT predicts that if judgments are made under uncertainty, and the costs of false positive and false negative errors have been asymmetric over evolutionary history, selection should have favored a bias toward making the least costly error. This perspective integrates a diverse array of effects under a single explanatory umbrella, and it yields new content-specific predictions. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr1001_3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,23]],"date-time":"2006-01-23T15:33:48Z","timestamp":1138030428000},"page":"47-66","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":591,"title":["The Paranoid Optimist: An Integrative Evolutionary Model of Cognitive Biases"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Martie G.","family":"Haselton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Studies and Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Nettle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology, Brain and Behaviour, University of Newcastle"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.42.5.830"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01544599"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00288318"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.87.1.49"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.108.4.441"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-5138(00)00059-3"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"In gods we trust: The evolved landscape of religion","author":"Atran, S.","year":"2002"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"713","volume":"87","author":"Atran, S.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"Barrett, H. C. (1999). Human cognitive adaptations to predators and prey. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara."},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.015"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.117.3.497"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204438"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1991.tb00511.x"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(99)00014-1"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285318"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/415125a"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.307"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.1986.4.4.353"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"The evolution of desire: Strategies of human mating","author":"Buss, D. M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"The dangerous passion: Why jealousy is as necessary as love and sex","author":"Buss, D. M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.9.2.209"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.50.2.281"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00025292"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/053901898037004003"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1963.6-203"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.125.1.47"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(89)90023-1"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(95)00664-8"},{"key":"atypb29","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Handbook of emotions","author":"Cosmides, L.","year":"2000","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb30","first-page":"291","volume-title":"Handbook of self and identity","author":"Crocker, J.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb31","volume-title":"Homicide","author":"Daly, M.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691233376","volume-title":"Experimental economics","author":"Davis, D. D.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(91)90065-B"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1239080"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430204046142"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.47.4.860"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/324128"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470773390"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930143000527"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1350-4126.2005.00102.x"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.102.4.652"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.62.4.688"},{"key":"atypb43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1952"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03328311"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.102.4.684"},{"key":"atypb46","volume-title":"Simple heuristics that make us smart","author":"Gigerenzer, G.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb47","volume-title":"Signal detection and psychophysics","author":"Green, D. M.","year":"1966"},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1993.1010"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511586330.004"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024406800912"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-6566(02)00529-9"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.1.81"},{"key":"atypb53","volume-title":"Conditional expression of female desires and male mate retention efforts across the human ovulatory cycle","author":"Haselton, M. G.","year":"2005"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1416950"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.106.4.766"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2000.2202"},{"key":"atypb57","first-page":"73","volume":"91","author":"Henrich, J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"American EconomicReview"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1061-7361(94)90006-X"},{"key":"atypb59","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Father-child relations: Cultural and biosocial contexts","author":"Hurtado, A. M.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00421.x"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674039162","volume-title":"Overconfidence and war: The havoc and glory of positive illusions","author":"Johnson, D.","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809477"},{"key":"atypb63","volume-title":"War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage","author":"Keeley, L. H.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.72.6.1245"},{"key":"atypb65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02249399"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0204_3"},{"key":"atypb67","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Evolutionary social psychology","author":"Krebs, D. L.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X04000081"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.108.3.480"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.127.2.187"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.251541498"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.32.2.311"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.32.6.951"},{"key":"atypb74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z90-092"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.6.1107"},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.88.1.63"},{"key":"atypb77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/lmot.1994.1012"},{"key":"atypb78","first-page":"142","volume":"48","author":"Matute, H.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1993.tb02461.x"},{"key":"atypb80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076486"},{"key":"atypb81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(08)60490-9"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03472.x"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.002"},{"key":"atypb84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204609"},{"key":"atypb85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198528975.003.0010"},{"key":"atypb86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/25862"},{"key":"atypb87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326969ECO1302_2"},{"key":"atypb88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0034779"},{"key":"atypb89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167202281010"},{"key":"atypb90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.102.1.121"},{"key":"atypb91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1987.47-261"},{"key":"atypb92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023910408854"},{"key":"atypb93","unstructured":"Park, J. H., Schaller, M. & Crandall, C. S. (2004). Obesity as a heuristic cue connoting contagion: Perceived vulnerability to disease promotes anti-fat attitudes. Unpublished manuscript, University of British Columbia, Canada."},{"key":"atypb94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.61.3.380"},{"key":"atypb95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-5138(01)00093-9"},{"key":"atypb96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/338938"},{"key":"atypb97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2003.2059"},{"key":"atypb98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.44.4.736"},{"key":"atypb99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/381232a0"},{"key":"atypb100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.24.12953"},{"key":"atypb101","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Advances in experimental social psychology","author":"Ross, L.","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.1.23"},{"key":"atypb103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031878"},{"key":"atypb104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.1992.tb00943.x"},{"key":"atypb105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00246.x"},{"key":"atypb106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-001-1004-5"},{"key":"atypb107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2000.87.1.85"},{"key":"atypb108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-6402.1989.tb01001.x"},{"key":"atypb109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1043463195007001004"},{"key":"atypb110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.81.1.44"},{"key":"atypb111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10463280340000036"},{"key":"atypb112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167203029005008"},{"key":"atypb113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.1.60"},{"key":"atypb114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(71)80064-3"},{"key":"atypb115","first-page":"47","volume-title":"Reducing prejudice and discrimination: The Claremont Symposium on Applied Social Psychology","author":"Sidanius, J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2001.1589"},{"key":"atypb117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0055873"},{"key":"atypb118","volume-title":"Human Behavior and Evolution Society Conferenct","author":"Smurda, J."},{"key":"atypb119","volume-title":"The evolution of human sexuality","author":"Symons, D.","year":"1979"},{"key":"atypb120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1529-1006.001"},{"key":"atypb121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.103.2.193"},{"key":"atypb122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1991.tb01836.x"},{"key":"atypb123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.3.460"},{"key":"atypb124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arg043"},{"key":"atypb125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.98.4.381"},{"key":"atypb126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.104.2.312"},{"key":"atypb127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.52.2.419"},{"key":"atypb128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195078824.001.0001","volume-title":"Believing in magic","author":"Vyse, S. A.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.39.5.806"},{"key":"atypb130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00845372"},{"key":"atypb131","first-page":"161","volume":"16","author":"Yamagishi, T.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Advances in Group Processes"},{"key":"atypb132","volume-title":"The social exchange heuristic: Managing errors in social exchange","author":"Yamagishi, T.","year":"2005"},{"key":"atypb133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.128.3.421"},{"key":"atypb134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010633908298"},{"key":"atypb135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167298244006"}],"container-title":["Personality and Social Psychology Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1207\/s15327957pspr1001_3","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1207\/s15327957pspr1001_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T06:56:35Z","timestamp":1741676195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1207\/s15327957pspr1001_3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1207\/s15327957pspr1001_3"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15327957pspr1001_3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1088-8683","1532-7957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1088-8683","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-7957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,2]]}}}