{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T22:41:07Z","timestamp":1767912067338,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,1]],"date-time":"2005-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1114905600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article describes the Adaptive Control of Thought\u2013Rational (ACT\u2013R) cognitive architecture (Anderson et al., 2004; Anderson &amp; Lebiere, 1998) and its detailed application to the learning of algebraic symbol manipulation. The theory is applied to modeling the data from a study by Qin, Anderson, Silk, Stenger, &amp; Carter (2004) in which children learn to solve linear equations and perfect their skills over a 6\u2010day period. Functional MRI data show that: (a) a motor region tracks the output of equation solutions, (b) a prefrontal region tracks the retrieval of declarative information, (c) a parietal region tracks the transformation of mental representations of the equation, (d) an anterior cingulate region tracks the setting of goal information to control the information flow, and (e) a caudate region tracks the firing of productions in the ACT\u2013R model. The article concludes with an architectural comparison of the competence children display in this task and the competence that monkeys have shown in tasks that require manipulations of sequences of elements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,23]],"date-time":"2005-06-23T14:43:30Z","timestamp":1119537810000},"page":"313-341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":161,"title":["Human Symbol Manipulation Within an Integrated Cognitive Architecture"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"John R.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03476.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2601_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900562174"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.111.4.1036"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.27.6.1331"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"The atomic components of thought.","author":"Anderson J. R.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1996.0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196490"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892904323057353"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","unstructured":"Anderson J. R. Taatgen N. A. &Byrne M. D.(in press).Learning to achieve perfect time sharing: Architectural implications of Hazeltine Teague & Ivry (2002).Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.00049"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Working memory","author":"Baddeley A. D.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.22.3.576"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4207","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-13-04207.1996","article-title":"Linear systems analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging in human V1","volume":"16","author":"Boyton G. M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/7221"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1063"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.4.1944"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1997.0278"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0193(1997)5:5<329::AID-HBM1>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02643290244000239"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00630.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/378279a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2000.0664"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.5.849"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","first-page":"287","volume-title":"Perspectives of event\u2010related potentials research","author":"Falkenstein M.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Interactions between frontal cortex and basal ganglia in working memory: A computational model","author":"Frank M. J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1998.0419"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"The cognitive neurosciences III.","author":"Hauser M. D."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(99)01439-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/5.2.95"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Intelligent tutoring goes to school in the big city","volume":"8","author":"Koedinger K. R.","year":"1997","journal-title":"International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"635","volume-title":"A connectionist implementation of the ACT\u2013R production system","author":"Lebiere C.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.1.506"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5472.1835"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"A computational theory of executive cognitive processes and multiple\u2010task performance. Part 1. Basic mechanisms","volume":"104","author":"Meyer D. E.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0629-1_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.116.2.220"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199806220-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.13.4.564"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(94)90078-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","first-page":"401","volume-title":"The attentive brain","author":"Posner M. I.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0431053100"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401227101"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.2000.0733"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/111.4.941"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","unstructured":"Sohn M\u2010H. Albert M. V. Jung K. Carter C. S. &Anderson J. R.(2004).Pay now or pay later: Preparatory conflict resolution in the anterior cingulate cortex and the prefrontal cortex.Poster session presented at the 11th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society San Francisco."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0832374100"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_23"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(02)00176-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.01420"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0936"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00359-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevNeurobiol.v10.i3-4.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2001.0823"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog0000_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T16:05:01Z","timestamp":1729958701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_22"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_22","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-0213","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-05-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}