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This article presents an associative exemplar\u2010based model that accounts for the improvement without a change in mechanism. It provides a unified account of children's growing abilities to (a) learn a new word given only 1 or a few training trials (\u201cfast mapping\u201d); (b) acquire words that differ only slightly in phonological form; (c) generalize word meanings preferentially along particular dimensions, such as object shape (the \u201cshape bias\u201d); and (d) learn 2nd labels for already\u2010named objects, despite a persisting resistance to doing so (\u201cmutual exclusivity\u201d). The model explains these improvements in terms of increased attention to relevant aspects of form and meaning, which reduces memory interference. The interaction of associations and reference in word learning is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,12,1]],"date-time":"2005-12-01T15:08:54Z","timestamp":1133449734000},"page":"819-865","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":136,"title":["The Emergence of Words: Attentional Learning in Form and Meaning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Terry","family":"Regier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-2014(02)00116-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.2307\/1131771","article-title":"Infants' reliance on a social criterion for establishing word\u2010object relations","volume":"67","author":"Baldwin D.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0305000904006567"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195285"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The crosslinguistic study of sentence processing","author":"Bates E.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.37.5.698"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3577.001.0001","volume-title":"How children learn the meanings of words.","author":"Bloom P.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(00)00111-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(02)00015-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(01)00122-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(96)00779-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","first-page":"264","volume-title":"Linguistic theory and psychological reality","author":"Carey S.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Mechanisms of language acquisition","author":"Clark E.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(97)00010-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","first-page":"562","volume-title":"Handbook of pragmatics","author":"Clark E.","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540099408915731"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400005233"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9280.t01-1-01436"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.5203.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Early lexical development.","author":"Dromi E.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"845","article-title":"Feature selection for unsupervised learning","volume":"5","author":"Dy J. 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