{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T22:56:41Z","timestamp":1770505001322,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11274,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, it will be argued that each time a procedure in a representational system is functioning adequately and automatically, the child steps up to a metaprocedural level and considers the procedure as a unit in its own right. Data will be drawn from microdevelopment in children's creation of external memory devices (i.e., changes in representation of a spatial task during a one hour's session) as well as from macrodevelopment in language acquisition (i.e., changes occurring over age in a study of nominal determiners, pronouns and gender markers). These two aspects of development of representational systems are examined with respect to the spontaneous passage from concrete reference to abstract systems, from idiosyncratic to conventional notations, from redundant to economic marking, from unifunctional to plurifunctional meaningful units. These micro\u2010 and manodevelopmental changes take place in a spontaneous fashion despite the fact that the child's earlier system is adequate for successfully conveying the information required. A discussion will be made of the way in which children tend to indicate externally, by unifunctional markers, information which was implicit in their earlier use of an adult\u2010like system. They appear to be striving for the delicate balance between encoding and decoding efforts, ultimately leading to a felicitous representational system. Metaprocedural behavior is hypothesized to act as a control mechanism in the striving for this delicate balance of information content and information processing effort. It also appears to act as a control mechanism for the interprocedural organizotion of what was previously a plethora of juxtaposed, unconnected procedures yielding superficially analogous behavior. The stepping\u2010up to a metaprocedural level seems to occur each time the child has a handle on his currently functioning, goal\u2010oriented system. This enables the child to treat the system, or procedures which are part thereof, as units functioning in their own right. Thus there appears to be a deep\u2010rooted psychological tendency for a representational tool which functions well procedurally to become subsequently a problem\u2010space per se.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0302_1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]],"date-time":"2005-10-20T15:25:27Z","timestamp":1129821927000},"page":"91-118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":246,"title":["Micro\u2010 and Macrodevelopmental Changes in Language Acquisition and Other Representational Systems*"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Annette","family":"Karmiloff\u2010Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Analyse des proc\u00e9dures de r\u00e9solution d'un probl\u00e8me de composition de hauteurs","volume":"45","author":"Ackermann\u2010Valladaro E.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Archives de Psychologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"In search of a tune: the arts and cognition","author":"Bamberger J.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"La construction et l'\u00e9quilibre du mobile: Probl\u00e8mes m\u00e9thodologiques","volume":"45","author":"Blanchet A.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Archives de Psychologie"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","article-title":"Une hypoth\u00e8se sur les connaissances utilis\u00e9es en situation de r\u00e9solution de probl\u00e8me","volume":"21","author":"Blanchet A.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cahiers de Psychologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-108550-6.50006-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"The Nature of Intelligence","author":"Flavell J.","year":"1976"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Paper presented at NATO Advanced Study Institute on Structural\/Process Theories of Complex Human Behavior","author":"Flavell J.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Unpublished manuscript","author":"Gillieron C.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Serial order and vicariant order: The limits of isomorphism","volume":"45","author":"Gillieron C.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Archives de Psychologie"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Workshop on Developmental Models of Thinking","author":"Greeno J. 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