{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T11:31:34Z","timestamp":1768563094540,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11183,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1979,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper explores the truism hat people think about what hey say. It proposes that, to satisfy heir own goals, people often plan their speech acts to affect their listeners' beliefs, goals, and emotional states. Such language use can be modelled by viewing speech acts as operators in a planning system, thus allowing both physical and speech acts to be integrated into plans.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Methodological issues of how speech acts should be defined in a plan\u2010based theory are illustrated by defining operators for requesting and informing. Plans containing those operators are presented and comparisons are drawn with Searle's formulation. The operators are show to be inadequate since they cannot be composed to form questions (requests to inform) and multiparty requests (requests to request). By refining the operator definitions and by identifying some of the side effects of requesting, compositional adequacy is achieved. The solution leads to a metatheoretical principle for modelling speech acts as planning operators.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0303_1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]],"date-time":"2005-10-20T15:24:19Z","timestamp":1129821859000},"page":"177-212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":317,"title":["Elements of a Plan\u2010Based Theory of Speech Acts*"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Philip R.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"C. Raymond","family":"Perrault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","unstructured":"Allen J.A plan\u2010based approach to speech act recognition.Ph.D. Thesis Technical Report No. 131\/79 Dept. of Computer Science University of Toronto January 1979."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"How to do things with words","author":"Austin J. L.","year":"1962"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA012533","volume-title":"Belief systems and language understanding","author":"Bruce B.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0203_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"Presented at the Association for Computational Linguistics Meeting at Amherst, Massachusetts","author":"Bruce B.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0201_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","volume-title":"Aspects of the theory of syntax","author":"Chomsky N.","year":"1965"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","unstructured":"Cohen P. R.On knowing what to say: Planning speech acts.Ph.D. Thesis Technical Report No. 118 Department of Computer Science.University of Toronto January 1978."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE symposium on speech recognition","author":"Deutsch B. 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C.Reasoning about knowledge and action.Ph.D. Thesis Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Massachusetts Institute of Technology February 1979."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.1977.0027"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Computers and thought","author":"Newell A.","year":"1963"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","unstructured":"Perrault C. R. &Allen J. F.A plan\u2010based analysis of indirect speech acts. Forthcoming."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the workshop on computational aspects of linguistic structure and discourse setting","author":"Perrault C. R."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","unstructured":"Sacerdoti E. 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