{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T09:42:22Z","timestamp":1772271742915,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10452,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1981,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper is concerned with those elements of planning knowledge that are common to both understanding someone else's plan and creating a plan for one's own use. This planning knowledge can be divided into two bodies: Knowledge about the world, and knowledge about the planning process itself. Our interest here is primarily with the latter corpus. The central thesis is that much of the knowledge about the planning process itself can be formulated in terms of higher\u2010level goals and plans called meta\u2010goals and meta\u2010plans. These entities can then be used by the same understanding and planning mechanisms that process ordinary goals and plans. However, the meta\u2010planning knowledge now enables these mechanisms to handle much more complicated situations in a uniform manner.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Systems based on meta\u2010planning would have a number of advantages over existing problem solving and understanding systems. The same knowledge could be shared by both a planner and understander, and both would be able to handle complex situations elegantly. In addition, in planning, the use of meta\u2010planning has several advantages over more traditional methods involving constraints or critics. Meta\u2010planning allows the full power of a problem solver to be applied to situations that are generally amenable only to special purpose processing. In addition, meta\u2010planning facilitates the representation of some situations that are difficult to express otherwise. We have begun to introduce meta\u2010planning knowledge into two systems: PAM, a story understanding program, and PANDORA, a problem solving and plannin\u0308g system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0503_2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]],"date-time":"2005-10-20T15:30:19Z","timestamp":1129822219000},"page":"197-233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Meta\u2010Planning: Representing and Using Knowledge About Planning in Problem Solving and Natural Language Understanding*"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Wilensky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barstow David R.Automatic construction of algorithms and data structures using a knowledge base of programming rules. Stanford Al Memo AIM\u2010308 1977.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA053184"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Generation as a Social Action. Proceedings of the Conference on Theoretical Issues in Natural Language Processing","author":"Bruce B.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(71)90010-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Cognitive Processes in Planning","author":"Hayes\u2010Roth B.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"463","volume-title":"Machine intelligence","author":"McCarthy J.","year":"1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","unstructured":"McDermott Drew.Flexibility and efficiency in a computer program for designing circuits. 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