{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T17:22:33Z","timestamp":1776100953741,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9538,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last 10 years research on concepts has produced on important new theory known as prototype theory. Despite its empirical successes, prototype theory has been challenged by various arguments purporting to show its descriptive inadequacy for a variety of phenomena, including complex concepts and quantification. These arguments are primarily based on a set theoretic model of concepts. We consider the advantages and disadvantages of the set\u2010theoretic approach and argue that if we instead model concepts as knowledge representations of a certain kind, it is possible not only to answer prototype theory's critics, but to address more fundamental issues in the theory of concepts. We also consider the implications of these different approaches for psychology, linguistics, and artificial intelligence (AI). To substantiate our claims, a knowledge representation model of prototype theory is outlined, based on work in schema theory and AI knowledge representation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0801_2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,20]],"date-time":"2005-10-20T20:16:11Z","timestamp":1129839371000},"page":"27-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["Models of Concepts*"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Cohen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory L.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"An introduction to modern English word\u2010formation","author":"Adams V.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197450"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Barsalou L.(1981).Determinants of graded structure in categories. Unpublished doctoral dissertation Stanford University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"New horizons in linguistics","author":"Bierwisch M.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0101_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","volume-title":"Human conceptual behavior","author":"Bourne L. E.","year":"1966"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197620"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Associative networks: Representation and use of knowledge by computers","author":"Brachman R. J.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","unstructured":"Brachman R. J. &Levesque H.(1982).Competence in knowledge representation.Proceedings of AAAI\u201082 The National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Pittsburgh ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03198235"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"A study of thinking","author":"Bruner J. S.","year":"1956"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0503_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"The process of understanding language","author":"Clark H. H.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","unstructured":"Cohen B.(1982).Understanding natural kinds. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Stanford University."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(69)80069-1","article-title":"Retrieval time from semantic memory","volume":"8","author":"Collins A.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Theoretical issues in reading comprehension","author":"Collins A.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Mathematical psychology: An elementary introduction","author":"Coombs C. H.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Introduction to Montague semantics","author":"Dowty D. R.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4917.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","unstructured":"Finin T.(1980).The semantic interpretation of nominal compounds.Proceedings of the First Annual National Conference on Artificial Intelligence."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Translations from the philosophical writings of Gottlob Frege","author":"Frege G.","year":"1960"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Phrase and paraphrase: Some innovative uses of language","author":"Gleitman L. R.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Fuzzy reasoning and its applications","author":"Goguen J. A.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(82)90010-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.105.3.254"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Reasoning: Representation and process in children and adults","author":"Johnson\u2010Laird P. N.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0401_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","volume-title":"Semantic theory","author":"Katz J. J.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","unstructured":"Kay P. &Zimmer K.(1976).On the semantics of compounds and genitives in English.Sixth California Linguistics Association Proceedings San Diego ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Foundations of measurement","author":"Krantz D. H.","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"New ways of analyzing variation in English","author":"Labov W.","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00262952"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","article-title":"Correlated properties in natural categories","author":"Malt B. C.","journal-title":"Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.8.1.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.32.020181.000513"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674421288"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Formal philosophy: Selected papers of Richard Montague","author":"Montague R.","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(82)90412-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Cognition and categorization","author":"Newport E. L.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.88.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","volume-title":"Radical pragmatics","author":"Nunberg G.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03197362"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.3.4.565"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.86.3.161"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(81)90013-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1693(00)89658-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-545850-4.50008-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511625251","volume-title":"Mind, language and reality","author":"Putnam H.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-1466-2_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(72)90014-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.104.3.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","volume-title":"Cognition and categorization","author":"Rosch E.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(75)90024-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"Theoretical issues in reading comprehension","author":"Rumelhart D.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge","author":"Rumelhart D.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","volume-title":"Scripts, plans, goals and understanding","author":"Schank R.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"Handbook of learning and cognitive processes","author":"Smith E. E.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674866270"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Smith E. E.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","volume-title":"The psychology of learning and motivation","author":"Smith E. E.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","volume-title":"Logic, semantics, metamathematics","author":"Tarski A.","year":"1956"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","volume-title":"Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases","author":"Tversky A.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","volume-title":"Philosophical investigations","author":"Wittgenstein L.","year":"1953"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-108550-6.50007-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(78)80003-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","volume-title":"Empirical semantics: A collection of new approaches in the field","author":"Zadeh L.","year":"1981"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog0801_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1207\/s15516709cog0801_2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,20]],"date-time":"2023-10-20T11:18:51Z","timestamp":1697800731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1207\/s15516709cog0801_2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1207\/s15516709cog0801_2"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15516709cog0801_2","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-0213","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-02-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}