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The GRAPES system embodies the goal\u2010restricted architecture for production systems as specified in the ACT* theory (Anderson, 1983). We compare our simulation to human protocols on a number of problems. GRAPES simulates the top\u2010down, depth\u2010first flow of control exhibited by subjects and produces code very similar to subject code. Special attention is given to modeling student solutions by analogy, how students learn from doing, and how failures of working memory affect the course of problem\u2010solving. Of major concern is the process by which GRAPES compiles operators in solving one problem to facilitate the solution of later problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0802_1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,17]],"date-time":"2005-07-17T02:47:18Z","timestamp":1121568438000},"page":"87-129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":266,"title":["Learning to Program in LISP<sup>1<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"John R.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Sauers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Language, Memory and Thought","author":"Anderson J. 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