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In particular, most of these errors are characterized by the presence of an interfering element which is external to the utterance under current construction. This paper has two main aims: to classify these errors, and to examine the constraints upon them. It is found that phonological similarity between the target and intrusion is a major determinant of error occurrence. The consequences for models of speech production are discussed in a framework consisting of the architecture and control structure of those models. A particular model to account for these data is proposed, consisting of a spreading activation lexical network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0803_1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,17]],"date-time":"2005-07-17T02:48:18Z","timestamp":1121568498000},"page":"191-219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["A Critique of Top\u2010down Independent Levels Models of Speech Production: Evidence from Non\u2010plan\u2010Internal Speech Errors*"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Trevor A.","family":"Harley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Slips of the tongue","author":"Aitchinson J.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Language, memory and thought","author":"Anderson J. 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