{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T12:14:02Z","timestamp":1763036042512},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8261,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1987,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper examines constraints and preferences employed by people in learning decision rules from preclassified examples. Results from four experiments with human subjects were analyzed and compared with artificial intelligence (AI) inductive learning programs. The results showed the people's rule inductions tended to emphasize category validity (probability of some property, given a category) more than cue validity (probability that an entity is a member of a category given that it has some property) to a greater extent than did the AI programs. Although the relative proportions of different rule types (e.g., conjunctive vs. disjunctive) changed across experiments, a single process model provided a good account of the data from each study. These observations are used to argue for describing constraints in terms of processes embodied in models rather than in terms of products or outputs. Thus AI induction programs become candidate psychological process models and results from inductive learning experiments can suggest new algorithms. More generally, the results show that human inductive generalizations tend toward greater specificity than would be expected if conceptual simplicity were the key constraint on inductions. This bias toward specificity may be due to the fact that this criterion both maximizes inferences that may be drawn from category membership and protects rule induction systems from developing over\u2010generalizations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1103_3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,18]],"date-time":"2005-07-18T01:50:48Z","timestamp":1121651448000},"page":"299-339","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Constraints and Preferences in Inductive Learning: An Experimental Study of Human and Machine Performance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Douglas L.","family":"Medin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"Wattenmaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryszard S.","family":"Michalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0093853"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"625","volume-title":"Machine Learning","author":"Berwick R.C.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Theories in cognitive psychology","author":"Bourne L.E., Jr.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Mechanisms of language acquisition","author":"Bowerman M."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(81)90002-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-12405-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.2.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511809477.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.7.6.397"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.2.190"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelman S.(1987).Young children's inductions from natural kinds: The role of categories and appearances.Child Development.","DOI":"10.2307\/1130693"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Problems and projects","author":"Goodman N.","year":"1972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/359488.359503"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0021802"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6849125"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03207821"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.88.3.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1002_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.35.020184.000553"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.32.020181.000513"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1980.4767034"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(83)90016-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-12405-5","volume-title":"Machine learning","author":"Michalski R.S.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-12405-5","volume-title":"Machine learning","author":"Michalski R.S.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Machine learning","author":"Michalski R.S.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Learning by being told and learning from examples: An experimental comparison of the two methods of knowledge acquisition in the context of developing an expert system for soybean disease diagnosis","volume":"4","author":"Michalski R.S.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Policy Analysis and Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","unstructured":"Michalski R.S. 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