{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T00:43:38Z","timestamp":1775263418461,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7438,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite extensive discussion in the literature about the diagnosis and subsequent remediation of students' errors, few studies have compared the effects of different styles of error\u2010based remediation. Swan (1983) found that a conflict approach (pointing out errors made by students and demonstrating their consequences) was more effective than simple reteaching, but Bunderson &amp; Olsen (1983) found no difference between error\u2010specific remediation and reteaching. More studies are needed in order to understand the factors which lead to successful remediation. The three studies discussed in this article compared error\u2010specific or model\u2010based remediation (MBR) with reteaching in algebra. MBR bases its remediation on the model inferred for an individual student before reteaching the correct procedure. Reteaching simply shows students the correct procedure without addressing specific errors. The results show that MBR and reteaching are both more effective than no tutoring; however, MBR is not clearly more effective than reteaching. The results are discussed in terms of stability of errors, their relevance to educational practice and to intelligent tutoring systems (ITS). Although the studies were carried out using human tutors, the results suggest that for the purpose of remediation in the algebra domain, when taught procedurally, \u201cclassical\u201d computer\u2010assisted instruction (CAI) would be as effective as an ITS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1304_3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,7,18]],"date-time":"2005-07-18T01:56:25Z","timestamp":1121651785000},"page":"551-568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Studies of Diagnosis and Remediation with High School Algebra Students"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"D.","family":"Sleeman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.E.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Martinak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.D.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.L.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Analyzing errors in elementary mathematics","author":"Bricken W. 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Schneider B. &Sleeman D.(1987).A comparative analysis of approaches for correcting algebra errors via an intelligent tutoring system. Proceedings of AERA Washington DC ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(88)80063-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312024001013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"Beyond error analysis: The role of understanding in elementary school arithmetic.","author":"Resnick L.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Basic algebra revisited: A study with 14\u2010year\u2010olds","author":"Sleeman D.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"239","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence and education: Vol. 1","author":"Sleeman D.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","volume-title":"Intelligent tutoring systems.","author":"Sleeman D.","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Diagnosis and remediation in the context of intelligent tutoring systems","author":"Sleeman D.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","volume-title":"Teaching decimal place value. A comparative study of conflict and positively\u2010only approaches","author":"Swan M.B.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","volume-title":"Bugs are not enough: Empirical studies of bugs, impasses and repairs in procedural skills","author":"VanLehn K.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","volume-title":"Understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design.","author":"Winograd T.","year":"1986"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog1304_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1304_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,22]],"date-time":"2023-10-22T12:23:01Z","timestamp":1697977381000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1304_3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1989,10]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1989,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1207\/s15516709cog1304_3"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1304_3","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-0213","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1989,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-02-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}