{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T16:11:29Z","timestamp":1781799089699,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5704,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Learning involves the integration of new information into existing knowledge. Generating explanations to oneself (self\u2010explaining) facilitates that integration process. Previously, self\u2010explanation has been shown to improve the acquisition of problem\u2010solving skills when studying worked\u2010out examples. This study extends that finding, showing that self\u2010explanation can also be facilitative when it is explicitly promoted, in the context of learning declarative knowledge from an expository text. Without any extensive training, 14 eighth\u2010grade students were merely asked to self\u2010explain after reading each line of a passage on the human circulatory system. Ten students in the control group read the same text twice, but were not prompted to self\u2010explain. All of the students were tested for their circulatory system knowledge before and after reading the text. The prompted group had a greater gain from the pretest to the posttest. Moreover, prompted students who generated a large number of self\u2010explanations (the high explainers) learned with greater understanding than low explainers. Understanding was assessed by answering very complex questions and inducing the function of a component when it was only implicitly stated. Understanding was further captured by a mental model analysis of the self\u2010explanation protocols. High explainers all achieved the correct mental model of the circulatory system, whereas many of the unprompted students as well as the low explainers did not. Three processing characteristics of self\u2010explaining are considered as reasons for the gains in deeper understanding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1803_3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,6]],"date-time":"2005-08-06T01:16:41Z","timestamp":1123291001000},"page":"439-477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":471,"title":["Eliciting Self\u2010Explanations Improves Understanding"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Michelene T.H.","family":"Chi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"De Leeuw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei\u2010Hung","family":"Chiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Lavancher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747763"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Knowing, learning and instruction: Essays in honor of Robert Glaser.","author":"Bereiter C.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","article-title":"Strategy training in self\u2010explanation and self\u2010regulation strategies for learning computer programming","author":"Bielaczyc K.","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","volume-title":"Cognitive models of science: Minnesota Studies in the philosophy of science.","author":"Chi M.T.H.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Chi M.T.H.(1993 June).Barriers to conceptual change in learning science concepts: A theoretical conjecture.Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.Hillsdale NJ :Erlbaum."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","article-title":"Analyzing the content of verbal data to represent knowledge: A practical guide","author":"Chi M.T.H.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the Learning Sciences."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1302_1"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/07370008.1985.9649011","article-title":"The ontological coherence of intuitive physics. Commentary on A. diSessa's \u201cToward an epistomology of physics.\u201d","volume":"10","author":"Chi M.T.H.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cognition and Instruction"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4752(94)90017-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0101_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","unstructured":"Coleman E.(1992 April).Reflection through explanation.Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association meeting San Francisco ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Mental models.","author":"deKleer J.","year":"1983"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","unstructured":"deLeeuw N.(1993 June).Students' beliefs about the circulatory system: Are misconceptions universal?Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.Hillsdale NJ :Erlbaum."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420050309"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/747979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","volume-title":"Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data.","author":"Ericsson K.A.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci0701_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01638538809544710"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"The psychology of questions.","author":"Graesser A.C.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00074148","article-title":"The nature and plausibility of cognitivism","volume":"2","author":"Haugeland J.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Bahavioral and Brain Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.3660240404"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312031002338"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1201_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1127635"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","volume-title":"Talking science: Language, learning and values","author":"Lemke J.L.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1976.tb02980.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","volume-title":"Advances in instructional psychology","author":"Mayer R.E.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","unstructured":"Nathan M.J.Mertz K. &Ryan B.(1993).Learning through self\u2010explanation of mathematical examples: Effects of cognitive load.Paper presented at the 1994 Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10508406.1991.9671972"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","volume-title":"Information integration by children.","author":"Nicholas D.W.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","volume-title":"The psychology of questions.","author":"Nix D.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00572838"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532690xci1203_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","unstructured":"Russell D.M. &Kelley L.(1991 April).Using IDE in instructional design: Encouraging reflective instruction design through automated design tools.Paper presented at Annual Conference of American Educational Research Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Scardamalia M.(1992 July).The role of adaptation and understanding in knowledge\u2010building communities.Paper presented at conference of NATO Advanced Science Institute Kolymbari Crete Greece ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.4.6.592"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","volume-title":"Modern biology.","author":"Towle A.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","volume-title":"Foundations of intelligent tutoring systems.","author":"VanLehn K.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","unstructured":"VanLehn K. &Jones R.M.(1993).What mediates the self\u2010explanation effect? Knowledge gaps schemas or analogies?InM.Polson(Ed.)Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society.Hillsdale NJ :Erlbaum."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327809jls0201_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-0355(89)90014-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0047987"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog1803_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1803_3","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T12:30:24Z","timestamp":1698150624000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1803_3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1994,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1207\/s15516709cog1803_3"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1803_3","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-0213","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1994,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2010-02-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}