{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T13:51:40Z","timestamp":1773928300376,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]],"date-time":"2010-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1265846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5064,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article considers current research in computer\u2010supported cooperative work (CSCW), computer\u2010mediated communication (CMC), and distributed artificial intelligence (DAl). These areas need an articulated model of social contexts to bridge the persisting gap between social and technological dimensions in computer system design and use.<\/jats:p><jats:p>A conceptual model of context is presented to account for both cooperation\u2010conflict and communication\u2010negotiation processes. The model conceives of contexts as including not only physical objects and other people but also social norms which influence both individuals and organizations. It assumes that computer system use occurs in social scenarios in which the features cannot be reduced to any type of input or data in the world that designers and users can process along with other information coming from the current task. The model is built on three levels: from social contexts as normative order (Level 1), to specific and intrinsically complex situations (Level 2), to person\u2010computer interactions for the performance of particular tasks (Level 3).<\/jats:p><jats:p>The model has three main implications. First, Human\u2010Computer Interaction (HCl) studies\u2014especially scenario\u2010based design\u2014may profit from a fresh topdown approach to designers' and users' mental models taking into account normative social processes which have been neglected in previous research. Second, CSCW may realize how deeply discrepant perspectives affect multi\u2010agent environments and why in real working life negotiation is intertwined with cooperation. Designers may use this insight to design systems allowing more place for negotiation among actors. Third, we should dismiss the view that CMC lacks adequate social cues and fosters impulsive behavior. Cognitive processes such as categorization, stereotype construction, and social identification can make electronic environments even more strongly sensible to social norms than face\u2010to\u2010face communication. Context, according to our model, is not restricted to the physical copresence of other people but consists mainly of processes providing situations with socially recognizable meaning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2002_3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,6]],"date-time":"2005-08-06T01:23:15Z","timestamp":1123291395000},"page":"237-269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Social Context in HCl: A New Framework for Mental Models, Cooperation, and Communication"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Mantovani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1701_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"Agency and organization\u2014Towards an organizational theory of society","author":"Ahrne 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