{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T04:37:29Z","timestamp":1778819849017,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,9,1]],"date-time":"2000-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":967766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The human primate is a deeply cultural species, our cognition being shaped by culture, and cultural transmission amounting to an \u201cepidemic of mental representations\u201d (Sperber, 1996). The architecture of this aspect of human cognition has been shaped by our evolutionary past in ways that we can now begin to discern through comparative studies of other primates. Processes of social learning (learning from others) are important for cognitive science to understand because they are cognitively complex and take many interrelated forms; they shape traditions, cultures and nonsocial aspects of cognition; and in turn they may be shaped by their cultural context. The study of primate social learning and culture has in recent years enjoyed a renaissance, providing a wealth of new findings, key aspects of which are reviewed. The focus is on cognitive issues, including learning about the consequences, sequential structure and hierarchical organization of actions; relating stored knowledge to the assimilation of new social knowledge; feedback guiding the construction of imitations; conceptual grasp of imitation; and the reciprocal relationship between social learning and culture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog2403_6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,6]],"date-time":"2005-08-06T01:38:27Z","timestamp":1123292307000},"page":"477-508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":176,"title":["Primate Culture and Social Learning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Whiten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"325","article-title":"Social context of manipulative behaviour in Cebus apella","volume":"12","author":"Adams\u2010Curtis L. E.","year":"1987","journal-title":"American Journal of Primatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02693700"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.25.2.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"251","volume-title":"Evolution of social behaviour patterns in primates and man","author":"Boesch C.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","first-page":"404","volume-title":"Reaching into thought: The minds of the great apes","author":"Boesch C.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156428"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jhev.1994.1020"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","volume-title":"Mammalian social learning: Comparative and ecological perspectives","author":"Box H. O.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Evolution of social behaviour patterns in primates and man","author":"Boyd R.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1996.0497"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"604","article-title":"Commentary on Boesch, C. and Tomasello, M. Chimpanzee and human culture","volume":"39","author":"Byrne R. W.","journal-title":"Current Anthropology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(95)80056-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","volume-title":"The thinking ape","author":"Byrne R. W.","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350310402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X98001745"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542305.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02435516"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.109.3.308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","first-page":"371","volume-title":"Reaching into thought: The minds of the great apes","author":"Call J.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/417553"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","first-page":"381","volume-title":"Current primatology: Selected proceeding of the XIVth Congress of the International Primatological Society, Strasbourg, Vol 2. Social Development, Learning, and Development","author":"Custance D. M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853995X00036"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.113.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","unstructured":"Demiris J. &Hayes G.(1996).Imitative learning mechanisms in robots and humans. Paper presented at the 5th European Workshop on Learning Robots Bari Italy ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2345(1997)43:4<339::AID-AJP5>3.0.CO;2-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","volume-title":"Origins of the human mind: Three stages in the evolution of culture and cognition","author":"Donald M.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.103.2.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012273965-1\/50005-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02692251"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Social learning: Psychological and biological perspectives","author":"Galef B. G.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","first-page":"74","volume-title":"Interpretations and explanations in the study of behaviour: Comparative perspectives","author":"Galef B. G.","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","first-page":"275","volume-title":"Advances in psychological science, Vol. 2: Biological and cognitive aspects","author":"Galef B. G.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X98291746"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","volume-title":"The chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behaviour","author":"Goodall J.","year":"1986"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","volume-title":"The evolution of behavioral ontogeny","author":"Greenfield P. M.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","unstructured":"Harley H. E. Xitco M. J. Roitblat H. L.andHerman L. M.(1998).Imitation of human models by bottlenose dolphins. Napoli Social Learning Conference Naples July 1998."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0053609"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","first-page":"403","volume-title":"Language and communication: Comparative perspectives","author":"Herman L. M.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1993.1281"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.1994.tb01506.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(95)80057-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X98000703"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","volume-title":"Social learning in animals: The roots of culture","author":"Heyes C. M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Imitation in rats: Initial responding and transfer evidence","volume":"45","author":"Heyes C. M.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-6357(94)90074-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","first-page":"393","article-title":"Further observations on the opening of milk bottles by birds","volume":"34","author":"Hinde R. A.","year":"1951","journal-title":"British Birds"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Social learning: Psychological and biological perspectives","author":"Hogan D. E.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X9833174X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012273965-1\/50014-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01667196"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.111.2.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3454(08)60377-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330340607"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","volume-title":"The information continuum","author":"King B. J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/394308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02381348"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02734206"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-2484(74)90010-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511565519"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.27.1.301"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2800247"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026382316131"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X98371745"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.31.5.838"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","volume-title":"Reaching into thought: The minds of the great apes","author":"Miles H. L.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Social learning: Psychological and biological perspectives","author":"Mineka S.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Hominid culture in primate perspective","author":"Mitchell R. W.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02382625"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853992X00525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.113.2.128"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.107.2.174"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","first-page":"462","volume-title":"Primate societies","author":"Nishida T.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(85)80023-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02436257"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","first-page":"430","volume-title":"Reaching into thought: The minds of the great apes","author":"Parker S. T.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","volume-title":"Primate behavior: Information, social knowledge and the evolution of culture","author":"Quiatt D.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.107.2.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.109.1.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511525636.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542305.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","first-page":"103","volume-title":"Piaget, evolution and development","author":"Russon A. E.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511758843.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(84)80185-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167209343810"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X98410707"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","volume-title":"The descent of mind","author":"Suddendorf T.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6505(1997)6:1<23::AID-EVAN7>3.0.CO;2-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02382016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156853995X00711"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330980208"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1998.0891"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Social transmission, tradition and culture in primates: from the epiphenomenon to the phenomenon","volume":"23","author":"Thierry B.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tech. Cult"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195106237.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511665486.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_96_1","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Chimpanzee cultures","author":"Tomasello M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012273965-1\/50016-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02436405"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0003123X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.2307\/1131463","article-title":"Imitative learning of actions on objects by children, chimpanzees and enculturated chimpanzees","volume":"64","author":"Tomasello M.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156320"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_102_1","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Behavioral aspects of feeding","author":"Visalberghi E.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511665486.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02380877"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.101.2.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350120211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(89)90148-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X0003154X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_109_1","volume-title":"Reaching into thought: The minds of the great apes","author":"Whiten A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_110_1","volume-title":"Piaget, evolution and development","author":"Whiten A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.112.3.270"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X98481743"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_113_1","first-page":"155","volume-title":"The descent of mind","author":"Whiten A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_114_1","volume-title":"MIT. Encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences","author":"Whiten A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_115_1","unstructured":"Whiten A.(1999c).Imitation of sequential and hierarchical structure in action: experimental studies with children and chimpanzees.Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour Convention Edinburgh. (pp.38\u201345) April."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511542305.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_117_1","volume-title":"Metarepresentations","author":"Whiten A.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_118_1","volume-title":"Intersubjective communication and emotion in ontogeny: A sourcebook","author":"Whiten A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_119_1","first-page":"267","volume-title":"Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development and simulation of everyday mindreading","author":"Whiten A.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511525636"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012273965-1\/50015-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7036.110.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3454(08)60146-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_124_1","unstructured":"Xitco M. J.(1988).Mimicry of modeled behaviours by bottlenose dolphins.Master's thesis University of Hawaii."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02382871"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_126_1","unstructured":"Yut E. Greenfield P. M. &Boehm C.(1995).Gone fishin': Developmental changes in attention and their relation to the development of insect fishing technology in young chimpanzees in the wild. Poster presented at Jean Piaget Society Meeting Berkeley California ."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012273965-1\/50012-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X9849174X"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog2403_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1207\/s15516709cog2403_6","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T12:59:11Z","timestamp":1729947551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1207\/s15516709cog2403_6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]},"references-count":127,"aliases":["10.1016\/s0364-0213(00)00027-6"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1207\/s15516709cog2403_6"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15516709cog2403_6","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-0213","type":"print"},{"value":"1551-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2000-09-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}