{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T12:12:49Z","timestamp":1771675969978,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AAPS PharmSciTech"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-020-01734-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T16:39:58Z","timestamp":1593621598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Development of Solid Self-Microemulsifying System of Tizanidine Hydrochloride for Oral Bioavailability Enhancement: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1208","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sugata","family":"Pramanik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hetal","family":"Thakkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1734_CR1","unstructured":"[cited 2017 19th May]. Available from: http:\/\/www.aans.org\/Patients\/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments\/Spasticity."},{"key":"1734_CR2","unstructured":"Ipsen Announces FDA Approval of Dysport\u00ae (abobotulinumtoxinA) for the Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in children, Excluding Cerebral Palsy [cited 2020 4th April]. Available from: https:\/\/www.businesswire.com\/news\/home\/20190926005480\/en\/Ipsen-Announces-FDA-Approval-Dysport%C2%AE-abobotulinumtoxinA-Treatment."},{"key":"1734_CR3","unstructured":"Tizanidine Hydrochloride [cited 2020 26th May]. Available from: https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/Tizanidine-hydrochloride."},{"issue":"6","key":"1734_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.1987.tb00581.x","volume":"1","author":"F Tse","year":"1987","unstructured":"Tse F, Jaffe J, Bhuta S. Pharmacokinetics of orally administered tizanidine in healthy volunteers. Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 1987;1(6):479\u201388.","journal-title":"Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1734_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.2003.02028.x","volume":"57","author":"MT Granfors","year":"2004","unstructured":"Granfors MT, Backman JT, Laitila J, Neuvonen PJ. Tizanidine is mainly metabolized by cytochrome p450 1A2 in vitro. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57(3):349\u201353.","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1734_CR6","first-page":"392","volume":"73","author":"R Masareddy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Masareddy R, Kokate A, Shah V. Development of orodispersible tizanidine HCl tablets using spray dried coprocessed exipient bases. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2011;73(4):392\u20136.","journal-title":"Indian J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1734_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-009-9241-2","volume":"10","author":"G Shanker","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shanker G, Kumar CK, Gonugunta CSR, Kumar BV, Veerareddy PR. Formulation and evaluation of bioadhesive buccal drug delivery of tizanidine hydrochloride tablets. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2009;10(2):530\u20139.","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"issue":"2","key":"1734_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2478\/v10007-011-0015-5","volume":"61","author":"K Someshwar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Someshwar K, Chithaluru K, Ramarao T, Kumar K. Formulation and evaluation of effervescent floating tablets of tizanidine hydrochloride. Acta Pharma. 2011;61(2):217\u201326.","journal-title":"Acta Pharma"},{"issue":"3","key":"1734_CR9","first-page":"033","volume":"4","author":"T Hetal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hetal T, Bindesh P, Sneha T. A review on techniques for oral bioavailability enhancement of drugs. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research. 2010;4(3):033.","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"1734_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2013.10.001","volume":"3","author":"S Kalepu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kalepu S, Manthina M, Padavala V. Oral lipid-based drug delivery systems\u2013an overview. Acta Pharm Sin B. 2013;3(6):361\u201372.","journal-title":"Acta Pharm Sin B"},{"key":"1734_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/801820","volume":"2014","author":"H Shrestha","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shrestha H, Bala R, Arora S. Lipid-based drug delivery systems. Journal of pharmaceutics. 2014;2014:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Journal of pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1734_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2011.04.016","volume":"86","author":"N Parmar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Parmar N, Singla N, Amin S, Kohli K. Study of cosurfactant effect on nanoemulsifying area and development of lercanidipine loaded (SNEDDS) self nanoemulsifying drug delivery system. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces. 2011;86(2):327\u201338.","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces"},{"issue":"1","key":"1734_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-008-9178-x","volume":"10","author":"A Azeem","year":"2009","unstructured":"Azeem A, Rizwan M, Ahmad FJ, Iqbal Z, Khar RK, Aqil M, et al. Nanoemulsion components screening and selection: a technical note. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2009;10(1):69\u201376.","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"1734_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2013.01.008","volume":"180","author":"F Shakeel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shakeel F, Haq N, El-Badry M, Alanazi FK, Alsarra IA. Ultra fine super self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) enhanced solubility and dissolution of indomethacin. J Mol Liq. 2013;180:89\u201394.","journal-title":"J Mol Liq"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1734_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2016.02.008","volume":"501","author":"S Kamboj","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kamboj S, Rana V. Quality-by-design based development of a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system to reduce the effect of food on nelfinavir mesylate. Int J Pharm. 2016;501(1\u20132):311\u201325.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"1734_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2017.08.002","volume":"242","author":"AM Vohra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vohra AM, Patel CV, Kumar P, Thakkar HP. Development of dual drug loaded solid self microemulsifying drug delivery system: exploring interfacial interactions using QbD coupled risk based approach. J Mol Liq. 2017;242:1156\u201368.","journal-title":"J Mol Liq"},{"key":"1734_CR17","unstructured":"Food, Administration D. Guidance for industry: estimating the maximum safe starting dose in initial clinical trials for therapeutics in adult healthy volunteers. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). 2005:7."},{"issue":"7","key":"1734_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.5897\/AJPP2014.3994","volume":"8","author":"T Ali","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ali T, Shoaib MH, Yousuf RI, Siddiqui F, Ali H, Ahmed FR, et al. Development and validation of a reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determination of tizanidine in human plasma. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2014;8(7):199\u2013205.","journal-title":"Afr J Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"1734_CR19","unstructured":"Guideline IHT. Stability testing of new drug substances and products. Q1A (R2), current step. 2003;4:1\u201324."},{"key":"1734_CR20","unstructured":"capmul-multi-functional-lipids [cited 2020 4th April]. Available from: https:\/\/www.abiteccorp.com\/en\/product-repository\/capmul-multi-functional-lipids\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"1734_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.159596","volume":"77","author":"A Gurram","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gurram A, Deshpande PB, Kar SS, Nayak UY, Udupa N, Reddy M. Role of components in the formation of self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2015;77(3):249\u201357.","journal-title":"Indian J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"1734_CR22","unstructured":"Capmul G, Tween 20, propylene glycol [cited 2020 26th May]. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/iig\/index.cfm."},{"key":"1734_CR23","unstructured":"Neusilin [cited 2020 26th May]. Available from: http:\/\/www.fujichemical.co.jp\/english\/newsletter\/newsletter_pharma_0805.html."},{"issue":"7","key":"1734_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2016.1245363","volume":"33","author":"J Desai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Desai J, Thakkar H. Effect of particle size on oral bioavailability of darunavir-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. J Microencapsul. 2016;33(7):669\u201378.","journal-title":"J Microencapsul"},{"issue":"2","key":"1734_CR25","first-page":"265","volume":"12","author":"S Honary","year":"2013","unstructured":"Honary S, Zahir F. Effect of zeta potential on the properties of nano-drug delivery systems-a review (part 2). Trop J Pharm Res. 2013;12(2):265\u201373.","journal-title":"Trop J Pharm Res"},{"key":"1734_CR26","first-page":"2733","volume":"8","author":"AA Khan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khan AA, Mudassir J, Mohtar N, Darwis Y. Advanced drug delivery to the lymphatic system: lipid-based nanoformulations. Int J Nanomedicine. 2013;8:2733.","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"1734_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23970","volume":"103","author":"HD Williams","year":"2014","unstructured":"Williams HD, Van Speybroeck M, Augustijns P, Porter CJ. Lipid-based formulations solidified via adsorption onto the mesoporous carrier Neusilin\u00ae US2: effect of drug type and formulation composition on in vitro pharmaceutical performance. J Pharm Sci. 2014;103(6):1734\u201346.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"}],"container-title":["AAPS PharmSciTech"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1208\/s12249-020-01734-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1208\/s12249-020-01734-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1208\/s12249-020-01734-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:07:41Z","timestamp":1625098061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1208\/s12249-020-01734-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1208\/s12249-020-01734-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-9932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-9932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 June 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Approval of the experimental protocol was obtained from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee of the Pharmacy department, The M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara vide protocol no: MSU\/IAEC\/2016-17\/1647. The experiments were conducted as per the requirements of Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}}],"article-number":"182"}}