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However, its clinical effectiveness is limited by rapid washout, frequent dosing, and poor bioavailability.\u00a0This study developed a\u00a0<jats:italic>ketotifen fumarate<\/jats:italic>-loaded\u00a0<jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\u00a0forming subconjunctival injectable implant (<jats:italic>ISFSI<\/jats:italic>) for use in large animal species such as horses and alpacas.\u00a0<jats:italic>ISFSIs<\/jats:italic>\u00a0were formulated by dispersing\u00a0<jats:italic>ketotifen fumarate<\/jats:italic>\u00a0in\u00a0<jats:italic>polylactide-co-glycolide<\/jats:italic>\u00a0(<jats:italic>PLGA<\/jats:italic>) combined with different release retarders (<jats:italic>Kolliphor<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\u00a0RH 40,\u00a0<jats:italic>Labrasol<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>, and\u00a0<jats:italic>Maisine<\/jats:italic>\n            <jats:sup>\u00ae)<\/jats:sup>, then characterized for visual appearance, viscosity, solidification time, and <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\u00a0drug release. The changes in the release medium pH and the solidified ISFSI wet weight were monitored for up to 4\u00a0weeks. The selected\u00a0<jats:italic>ISFSI<\/jats:italic>, KFM5, was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and rheological behavior. The injectability of KFM5 was predicted using the power law for five different syringe and needle dimensions. Cytotoxicity was tested using the Alamar Blue assay and Calcein AM\/PI staining on a human corneal epithelial cell line (HCE-T). Results showed that all\u00a0<jats:italic>ISFSI<\/jats:italic>\u00a0formulations were clear yellowish, with drug recoveries exceeding 95%, varying viscosities, and solidified upon contact with the release medium. KFM5 exhibited a triphasic drug release profile with the lowest burst release (4.91\u2009\u00b1\u20090.55%) and followed Higuchi kinetics. SEM imaging revealed a \"hollow and sponge-like\" structure, while DSC confirmed the crystallinity and thermal transitions of\u00a0<jats:italic>ketotifen fumarate<\/jats:italic>\u00a0within the solidified implant. Rheological analysis indicated shear-thinning fluid behavior with acceptable injection forces. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed\u2009&gt;\u200990% cell viability, confirming biocompatibility in the ocular tissue.<\/jats:p>\n          <jats:p>\n            <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n          <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-025-03142-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T22:14:00Z","timestamp":1748902440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Injectable PLGA-based In Situ Forming Subconjunctival Implant for Sustained Ocular Delivery of Ketotifen Fumarate: Formulation, Drug Release, and Biocompatibility Studies"],"prefix":"10.1208","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Nur","family":"Mita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejia","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oladiran","family":"Fasina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenise","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Catherine","family":"Bowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Richard J.","family":"McMullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amol","family":"Suryawanshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0337-2291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. 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