{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T18:01:15Z","timestamp":1780509675849,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Salman International University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AAPS PharmSciTech"],"DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-026-03385-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T17:09:49Z","timestamp":1778087389000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["PEGylated Flavonoid Aspasomes as a Brain-Targeted Nano-Vesicular Platform for Enhanced Neuroprotection in Stress-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1208","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6955-6491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amal Fathy","family":"Aladoly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1719-1797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maha M.","family":"Amin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3879-7022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba Nasr","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7678-0643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed F.","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0049-8609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Y.","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"3385_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Association A. \u201cAlzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. Alzheimer\u2019s Dement 2022; 18: 700\u201389,\u201d 2022.","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12638"},{"issue":"5","key":"3385_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2022.107966","volume":"34","author":"Y Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang Y, et al. Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease with small-molecule photosensitizers. Chin Chem Lett. 2023;34(5):107966.","journal-title":"Chin Chem Lett"},{"key":"3385_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanzi\u00a0RE, Moir\u00a0RD, Wagner\u00a0SL. \u201cClearance of Alzheimer\u2019s Abeta peptide: the many roads to perdition. Neuron [Internet]. 2004; 43 (5): 605\u20138 [cited 2016 Jan 17].\u201d","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00533-1"},{"issue":"11","key":"3385_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13264","volume":"19","author":"AA Lauer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lauer AA, et al. Regulatory feedback cycle of the insulin\u2010degrading enzyme and the amyloid precursor protein intracellular domain: implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Aging Cell. 2020;19(11):e13264.","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"3385_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.153956","volume":"98","author":"Z He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He Z, et al. Esculentoside A alleviates cognitive deficits and amyloid pathology through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3-dependent mechanism in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model. Phytomedicine. 2022;98:153956.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"3385_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-014-0476-2","volume":"14","author":"A Jayaraman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jayaraman A, Pike CJ. Alzheimer\u2019s disease and type 2 diabetes: multiple mechanisms contribute to interactions. Curr Diab Rep. 2014;14:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"3385_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-141506","volume":"44","author":"J Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang J, et al. Anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;44(2):385\u201396.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"3385_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102848","volume":"66","author":"Z He","year":"2023","unstructured":"He Z, et al. Protective effects of luteolin against amyloid beta-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairments through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3-dependent mechanism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Redox Biol. 2023;66:102848.","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3385_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1726","volume":"47","author":"TC Theoharides","year":"2021","unstructured":"Theoharides TC, Cholevas C, Polyzoidis K, Politis A. Long\u2010COVID syndrome\u2010associated brain fog and chemofog: luteolin to the rescue. Biofactors. 2021;47(2):232\u201341.","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"3385_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.05.019","volume":"225","author":"N Aziz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aziz N, Kim M-Y, Cho JY. Anti-inflammatory effects of luteolin: a review of in vitro, in vivo, and in silico studies. J Ethnopharmacol. 2018;225:342\u201358.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3385_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-025-03873-0","volume":"25","author":"SA Mohamed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohamed SA, Eraqi WA, Georghiou PE, Zakaria MY. Luteolin loaded PEGylated cerosomes: a novel treatment for MRSA skin infections. BMC Microbiol. 2025;25(1):182.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3385_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8083","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18078083","volume":"18","author":"W Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu W, et al. Luteolin inhibits inflammatory responses via p38\/MK2\/TTP-mediated mRNA stability. Molecules. 2013;18(7):8083\u201394.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"3385_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2012.716852","volume":"51","author":"D-J Guo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guo D-J, Li F, Yu P-F, Chan S-W. Neuroprotective effects of luteolin against apoptosis induced by 6-hydroxydopamine on rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Pharm Biol. 2013;51(2):190\u20136.","journal-title":"Pharm Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3385_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-022-03652-8","volume":"22","author":"L Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li L, et al. Luteolin alleviates inflammation and autophagy of hippocampus induced by cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion by activating PPAR gamma in rats. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2022;22(1):176.","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"3385_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2021.109712","volume":"351","author":"T Boeing","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boeing T, et al. The PPAR\u03b3-dependent effect of flavonoid luteolin against damage induced by the chemotherapeutic irinotecan in human intestinal cells. Chem Biol Interact. 2022;351:109712.","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"issue":"11","key":"3385_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12610","volume":"171","author":"Z Hong","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hong Z, et al. Luteolin is effective in the non\u2010small cell lung cancer model with L 858 R\/T 790 M EGF receptor mutation and erlotinib resistance. Br J Pharmacol. 2014;171(11):2842\u201353.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"3385_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24557","volume":"104","author":"YSR Elnaggar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Elnaggar YSR, Etman SM, Abdelmonsif DA, Abdallah OY. Intranasal piperine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles as brain-targeted therapy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: optimization, biological efficacy, and potential toxicity. J Pharm Sci. 2015;104(10):3544\u201356.","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3385_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.03.025","volume":"337","author":"HR Costantino","year":"2007","unstructured":"Costantino HR, Illum L, Brandt G, Johnson PH, Quay SC. Intranasal delivery: physicochemical and therapeutic aspects. Int J Pharm. 2007;337(1\u20132):1\u201324.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"issue":"3","key":"3385_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(99)00150-9","volume":"61","author":"K Nakamura","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nakamura K, Maitani Y, Lowman AM, Takayama K, Peppas NA, Nagai T. Uptake and release of budesonide from mucoadhesive, pH-sensitive copolymers and their application to nasal delivery. J Control Release. 1999;61(3):329\u201335.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"issue":"1","key":"3385_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2019.1684940","volume":"31","author":"RM Khalil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khalil RM, Abdelbary A, El Arini SK, Basha M, El-Hashemy HA, Farouk F. Development of tizanidine loaded aspasomes as transdermal delivery system: ex-vivo and in-vivo evaluation. J Liposome Res. 2021;31(1):19\u201329.","journal-title":"J Liposome Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"3385_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2020.1789043","volume":"33","author":"G Shinde","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shinde G, Desai P, Shelke S, Patel R, Bangale G, Kulkarni D. Mometasone furoate-loaded aspasomal gel for topical treatment of psoriasis: formulation, optimization, in vitro and in vivo performance. J Dermatolog Treat. 2022;33(2):885\u201396.","journal-title":"J Dermatolog Treat"},{"issue":"9","key":"3385_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202200067","volume":"17","author":"N d\u2019Avanzo","year":"2022","unstructured":"d\u2019Avanzo N, et al. Multidrug idebenone\/naproxen co-loaded aspasomes for significant in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. ChemMedChem. 2022;17(9):e202200067.","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"issue":"3","key":"3385_CR23","first-page":"780","volume":"44","author":"D Singh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Singh D, Kapahi H, Rashid M, Prakash A, Majeed ABA, Mishra N. Recent prospective of surface engineered nanoparticles in the management of neurodegenerative disorders. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2016;44(3):780\u201391.","journal-title":"Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3385_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10010034","volume":"10","author":"F Sonvico","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sonvico F, et al. Surface-modified nanocarriers for nose-to-brain delivery: from bioadhesion to targeting. Pharmaceutics. 2018;10(1):34.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"3385_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2019.110770","volume":"187","author":"KR Gajbhiye","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gajbhiye KR, Pawar A, Mahadik KR, Gajbhiye V. PEGylated nanocarriers: a promising tool for targeted delivery to the brain. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2020;187:110770.","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"3385_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albash\u00a0R, El-Nabarawi MA, Refai H, Abdelbary AA. \u201cTailoring of PEGylated bilosomes for promoting the transdermal delivery of olmesartan medoxomil: in-vitro characterization, ex-vivo permeation and in-vivo assessment,\u201d Int J Nanomedicine, pp. 6555\u20136574, 2019.","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S213613"},{"issue":"7","key":"3385_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1080\/02652040802055411","volume":"25","author":"M Nasr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nasr M, Mansour S, Mortada ND, Elshamy AA. Vesicular aceclofenac systems: a comparative study between liposomes and niosomes. J Microencapsul. 2008;25(7):499\u2013512.","journal-title":"J Microencapsul"},{"key":"3385_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119092","volume":"577","author":"SS Amer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amer SS, et al. Cosm-nutraceutical nanovesicles for acne treatment: physicochemical characterization and exploratory clinical experimentation. Int J Pharm. 2020;577:119092.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"3385_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1007\/s10971-015-3897-8","volume":"77","author":"D Sawant","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sawant D, Dandagi PM, Gadad AP. Formulation and evaluation of sparfloxacin emulsomes-loaded thermosensitive in situ gel for ophthalmic delivery. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol. 2016;77:654\u201365.","journal-title":"J Sol-Gel Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3385_CR30","first-page":"8","volume":"6","author":"M Kar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kar M, Saquib M, Jain DK. Formulation development and evaluation of aspasomes containing skin whitening agent. Manipal J Pharm Sci. 2020;6(1):8.","journal-title":"Manipal J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"3385_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13050648","volume":"13","author":"MMA Elsayed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elsayed MMA, Okda TM, Atwa GMK, Omran GA, Abd Elbaky AE, hakim Ramadan AE. Design and optimization of orally administered luteolin nanoethosomes to enhance its anti-tumor activity against hepatocellular carcinoma. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(5):648.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"3385_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2202357","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2023.2202357","volume":"38","author":"AA Al-Karmalawy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Karmalawy AA, et al. Design and statistical optimisation of emulsomal nanoparticles for improved anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of N-(5-nitrothiazol-2-yl)-carboxamido candidates: in vitro and in silico studies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2023;38(1):2202357.","journal-title":"J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"3385_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2019.1585448","volume":"30","author":"MH Aboul-Einien","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aboul-Einien MH, Kandil SM, Abdou EM, Diab HM, Zaki MSE. Ascorbic acid derivative-loaded modified aspasomes: formulation, in vitro, ex vivo and clinical evaluation for melasma treatment. J Liposome Res. 2020;30(1):54\u201367.","journal-title":"J Liposome Res"},{"key":"3385_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123385","volume":"646","author":"MY Zakaria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zakaria MY, et al. Investigating the superiority of chitosan\/D-alpha-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate binary coated bilosomes in promoting the cellular uptake and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of polyphenolic herbal drug candidate. Int J Pharm. 2023;646:123385.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"3385_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2022.2116016","volume":"37","author":"I Zaki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zaki I, et al. Design and synthesis of new trimethoxylphenyl-linked combretastatin analogues loaded on diamond nanoparticles as a panel for ameliorated solubility and antiproliferative activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2022;37(1):2679\u2013701.","journal-title":"J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem"},{"key":"3385_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123259","volume":"643","author":"MY Zakaria","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zakaria MY, Eraqi WA, Mohamed SA. Ultra-deformable free fatty acid based nano-carriers for topical delivery of luteolin: a potential paradigm for management of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections. Int J Pharm. 2023;643:123259.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"3385_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2018.06.034","volume":"122","author":"S Hatem","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hatem S, Nasr M, Moftah NH, Ragai MH, Geneidi AS, Elkheshen SA. Melatonin vitamin C-based nanovesicles for treatment of androgenic alopecia: design, characterization and clinical appraisal. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2018;122:246\u201353.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3385_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.07.050","volume":"530","author":"FE Abdelrahman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdelrahman FE, Elsayed I, Gad MK, Elshafeey AH, Mohamed MI. Response surface optimization, ex vivo and in vivo investigation of nasal spanlastics for bioavailability enhancement and brain targeting of risperidone. Int J Pharm. 2017;530(1\u20132):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"issue":"8","key":"3385_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2013.812069","volume":"10","author":"KM Hosny","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hosny KM, Banjar ZM. The formulation of a nasal nanoemulsion zaleplon in situ gel for the treatment of insomnia. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2013;10(8):1033\u201341.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"3385_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/dddt.s177746","author":"HA Abou-Taleb","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abou-Taleb HA, Khallaf RA, Abdel-Aleem JA. Intranasal niosomes of nefopam with improved bioavailability: preparation, optimization, and in-vivo evaluation. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/dddt.s177746.","journal-title":"Drug Des Devel Ther"},{"key":"3385_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122142","volume":"626","author":"C Diedrich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Diedrich C, et al. Mucoadhesive nanoemulsion enhances brain bioavailability of luteolin after intranasal administration and induces apoptosis to SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Int J Pharm. 2022;626:122142.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"3385_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2024.117126","volume":"492","author":"RM Eladawy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eladawy RM, et al. Impact of different gastric acid suppressants on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced cognitive impairment in rats: A possible involvement of gut dysbiosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2024;492:117126.","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"3385_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2022.109293","volume":"223","author":"LH Khedr","year":"2023","unstructured":"Khedr LH, Eladawy RM, Nassar NN, Saad MAE. Canagliflozin attenuates chronic unpredictable mild stress induced neuroinflammation via modulating AMPK\/mTOR autophagic signaling. Neuropharmacology. 2023;223:109293.","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3385_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030576","volume":"14","author":"MA Elsheikh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Elsheikh MA, El-Feky YA, Al-Sawahli MM, Ali ME, Fayez AM, Abbas H. A brain-targeted approach to ameliorate memory disorders in a sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease mouse model via intranasal luteolin-loaded nanobilosomes. Pharmaceutics. 2022;14(3):10.3390\/PHARMACEUTICS14030576.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"2","key":"3385_CR45","first-page":"49","volume":"42","author":"GB Mulder","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mulder GB, Pritchett K. The Morris water maze. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2003;42(2):49\u201350.","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"3385_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yankelevitch-Yahav R, Franko M, Huly A, Doron R. \u201cThe Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior,\u201d J Visualized Exp.\u00a0no. 97, p. 52587, Mar. 2015, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/52587.","DOI":"10.3791\/52587"},{"key":"3385_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-019-9998-3","volume":"35","author":"GA Badawi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Badawi GA, Abd El Fattah MA, Zaki HF, El Sayed MI. Sitagliptin and liraglutide modulate L-dopa effect and attenuate dyskinetic movements in rotenone-lesioned rats. Neurotox Res. 2019;35:635\u201353.","journal-title":"Neurotox Res"},{"key":"3385_CR48","volume-title":"Theory and practice of histological techniques","author":"JD Bancroft","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bancroft JD, Gamble M. Theory and practice of histological techniques. Elsevier health sciences; 2008."},{"key":"3385_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-021-01924-z","volume":"22","author":"S Mosallam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mosallam S, Sheta NM, Elshafeey AH, Abdelbary AA. Fabrication of highly deformable bilosomes for enhancing the topical delivery of terconazole: in vitro characterization, microbiological evaluation, and in vivo skin deposition study. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2021;22:1\u201312.","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"issue":"8","key":"3385_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13081218","volume":"13","author":"MA Altamimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Altamimi MA, Hussain A, Alshehri S, Imam SS, Alnemer UA. Development and evaluations of transdermally delivered luteolin loaded cationic nanoemulsion: In vitro and ex vivo evaluations. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(8):1218.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3385_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.03.005","volume":"522","author":"AM Al-Mahallawi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al-Mahallawi AM, Khowessah OM, Shoukri RA. Enhanced non invasive trans-tympanic delivery of ciprofloxacin through encapsulation into nano-spanlastic vesicles: fabrication, in-vitro characterization, and comparative ex-vivo permeation studies. Int J Pharm. 2017;522(1\u20132):157\u201364.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"issue":"105","key":"3385_CR52","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"D Fathalla","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fathalla D, Abdel-Mageed A, Abdel-Hamid F, Ahmed M. In-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of niosomal gel containing aceclofenac for sustained drug delivery. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2014;1(105):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Sci Res"},{"key":"3385_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S84703","author":"G Arzani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arzani G, Haeri A, Daeihamed M, Bakhtiari-Kaboutaraki H, Dadashzadeh S. Niosomal carriers enhance oral bioavailability of carvedilol: effects of bile salt-enriched vesicles and carrier surface charge. Int J Nanomedicine. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S84703.","journal-title":"Int J Nanomedicine"},{"key":"3385_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s12551-016-0218-6","volume":"8","author":"J Stetefeld","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stetefeld J, McKenna SA, Patel TR. Dynamic light scattering: a practical guide and applications in biomedical sciences. Biophys Rev. 2016;8:409\u201327.","journal-title":"Biophys Rev"},{"key":"3385_CR55","first-page":"111","volume":"5","author":"SS Barakat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barakat SS, Nasr M, Badawy SS, Mansour S. Nanoliposomes containing penetration enhancers for the intranasal delivery of the antiemetic dimenhydrinate. IJPRS. 2016;5:111\u201322.","journal-title":"IJPRS"},{"issue":"1","key":"3385_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10032-7","volume":"7","author":"SS Barakat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barakat SS, Nasr M, Ahmed RF, Badawy SS, Mansour S. Intranasally administered in situ gelling nanocomposite system of dimenhydrinate: preparation, characterization and pharmacodynamic applicability in chemotherapy induced emesis model. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):9910.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"3385_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.08.002","volume":"328","author":"A Pardakhty","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pardakhty A, Varshosaz J, Rouholamini A. In vitro study of polyoxyethylene alkyl ether niosomes for delivery of insulin. Int J Pharm. 2007;328(2):130\u201341.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3385_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2006.05.041","volume":"323","author":"M Tabbakhian","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tabbakhian M, Tavakoli N, Jaafari MR, Daneshamouz S. Enhancement of follicular delivery of finasteride by liposomes and niosomes: 1. In vitro permeation and in vivo deposition studies using hamster flank and ear models. Int J Pharm. 2006;323(1\u20132):1\u201310.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"3385_CR59","unstructured":"Jingling\u00a0T,\u00a0et al.\u00a0\u201cKey Structure of Brij for Overcoming Multidrug Resistance in Cancer.\u201d 2013."},{"issue":"2","key":"3385_CR60","first-page":"265","volume":"12","author":"S Honary","year":"2013","unstructured":"Honary S, Zahir F. Effect of zeta potential on the properties of nano-drug delivery systems-a review (Part 2). Trop J Pharm Res. 2013;12(2):265\u201373.","journal-title":"Trop J Pharm Res"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"3385_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2003.10.032","volume":"271","author":"D Gopinath","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gopinath D, Ravi D, Rao BR, Apte SS, Renuka D, Rambhau D. Ascorbyl palmitate vesicles (Aspasomes): formation, characterization and applications. Int J Pharm. 2004;271(1\u20132):95\u2013113.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"3385_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118556","volume":"568","author":"E Elmowafy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Elmowafy E, El-Gogary RI, Ragai MH, Nasr M. Novel antipsoriatic fluidized spanlastic nanovesicles: In vitro physicochemical characterization, ex vivo cutaneous retention and exploratory clinical therapeutic efficacy. Int J Pharm. 2019;568:118556.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"issue":"1","key":"3385_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c05628","volume":"7","author":"SS Imam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Imam SS, et al. Formulation and evaluation of luteolin-loaded nanovesicles: In vitro physicochemical characterization and viability assessment. ACS Omega. 2021;7(1):1048\u201356.","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"issue":"7","key":"3385_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2013.789051","volume":"40","author":"S Sharma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sharma S, Lohan S, Murthy RSR. Formulation and characterization of intranasal mucoadhesive nanoparticulates and thermo-reversible gel of levodopa for brain delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2014;40(7):869\u201378.","journal-title":"Drug Dev Ind Pharm"},{"issue":"44","key":"3385_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37482","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA03825A","volume":"15","author":"C Lamie","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lamie C, Elmowafy E, Attia DA, Mortada ND. Progress in the design of ascorbic acid derivative-mediated drug delivery. RSC Adv. 2025;15(44):37482\u2013510.","journal-title":"RSC Adv"},{"issue":"18","key":"3385_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6446(02)02452-2","volume":"7","author":"P Arora","year":"2002","unstructured":"Arora P, Sharma S, Garg S. Permeability issues in nasal drug delivery. Drug Discov Today. 2002;7(18):967\u201375.","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"3385_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.032","volume":"64","author":"AC Williams","year":"2012","unstructured":"Williams AC, Barry BW. Penetration enhancers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012;64:128\u201337.","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"3385_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17061027","volume":"17","author":"W Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu W, et al. 1, 8-cineole alleviates hippocampal oxidative stress in CUMS mice via the PI3K\/Akt\/Nrf2 pathway. Nutrients. 2025;17(6):1027.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"3385_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101097","volume":"15","author":"J Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou J, Wu Z, Zhao P. Luteolin and its antidepressant properties: from mechanism of action to potential therapeutic application. J Pharm Anal. 2025;15(4):101097.","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"}],"container-title":["AAPS PharmSciTech"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1208\/s12249-026-03385-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1208\/s12249-026-03385-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1208\/s12249-026-03385-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:02:18Z","timestamp":1780506138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1208\/s12249-026-03385-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3385"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1208\/s12249-026-03385-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-9932"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-9932","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"200"}}