{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T04:44:26Z","timestamp":1791607466252,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]],"date-time":"2020-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005860","name":"Helsefonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005860","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009326","name":"Cancer Research Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008363","name":"Kr\u00e6ftens Bek\u00e6mpelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Research Fund of the Capital Region of Denmark"},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Foundation of Australia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Gynecomastia, the proliferation of mammary glandular tissue in the male, is a frequent but little-studied condition. Available prevalence data are based on selected patient populations or autopsy cases with their inherent bias.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The objective of this work is to evaluate the age-related incidence and secular trends in gynecomastia in the general population.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>An observational, 20-year national registry study was conducted.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This population-based study used nationwide registry data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Participants included all Danish males (age 0-80 years) with a first-time diagnosis of gynecomastia.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>All Danish males (age 0-80 years) were followed up for incident diagnosis of gynecomastia in the Danish National Patient Registry from 1998 to 2017 using the International Codes of Diseases, 10th revision, and the Danish Health Care Classification System. Age-specific incidence rates were estimated. The hypothesis tested in this study was formulated prior to data collection.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, a total 17\u2005601 males (age 0-80 years) were registered with an incident diagnosis of gynecomastia within the 20-year study period, corresponding to 880 new cases per year and an average 20-year incidence of 3.4 per 10\u2005000 men (age 0-80 years). The average annual incidence was 6.5\/10\u2005000 in postpubertal males age 16 to 20 years and 4.6\/10\u2005000 in males age 61 to 80 years, with a respective 5- and 11-fold overall increase in these 2 age groups over the 20-year period.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The incidence of gynecomastia has dramatically increased over the last 20 years, implying that the endogenous or exogenous sex-steroid environment has changed, which is associated with other adverse health consequences in men such as an increased risk of prostate cancer, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, or cardiovascular disorders.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T23:34:12Z","timestamp":1594078452000},"page":"3134-3140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Marked Increase in Incident Gynecomastia: A 20-Year National Registry Study, 1998 to 2017"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0424-7268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trine","family":"Koch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9183-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira V","family":"Br\u00e4uner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4417-569X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander S","family":"Busch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3941-082X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Hickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0534-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Juul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2021122105531256400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12636","article-title":"EAA clinical practice guidelines\u2013gynecomastia evaluation and management","volume":"7","author":"Kanakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrology."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021122105531256400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp070677","article-title":"Clinical practice. 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