{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:25:09Z","timestamp":1790814309755,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010104","name":"Tianjin Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017KJ235"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017KJ235"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The effectiveness of saliva iodine concentration (SIC) in evaluating iodine status in children is not clear.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We aimed to explore associations between SIC and assessed indicators of iodine status and thyroid function.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Primary schools in Shandong, China.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Local children aged 8 to 13 years with no known thyroid disease were recruited to this study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main outcome measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Blood, saliva, and urine samples were collected to evaluate thyroid function and iodine status.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>SIC positively correlated with spot urinary iodine concentration (r = 0.29, P &amp;lt; 0.0001), 24-hour urinary iodine concentration (r = 0.35, P &amp;lt; 0.0001), and 24-hour urinary iodine excretion (r = 0.40, P &amp;lt; 0.0001). The prevalence of thyroid nodules (TN) and goiter showed an upward trend with SIC quantiles (P for trend &amp;lt; 0.05). Children with SIC &amp;lt;105 \u03bcg\/L had a higher risk of insufficient iodine status (OR = 4.18; 95% CI, 2.67-6.56) compared with those with higher SIC. Those having SIC &amp;gt;273 \u03bcg\/L were associated with greater risks of TN (OR = 2.70; 95% CI, 1.38-5.26) and excessive iodine status (OR = 18.56; 95% CI, 5.66-60.91) than those with lower SIC values.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There is a good correlation between SIC and urinary iodine concentrations. It is of significant reference value for the diagnosis of iodine deficiency with SIC of less than 105 \u03bcg\/L and for the diagnosis of iodine excess and TN with SIC of more than 273 \u03bcg\/L. Given the sanitary nature and convenience of saliva iodine collection, SIC is highly recommended as a good biomarker of recent iodine status in school-aged children.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T15:28:26Z","timestamp":1595258906000},"page":"e3451-e3459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Saliva Iodine Concentration in Children and Its Association with Iodine Status and Thyroid Function"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5669-4836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenxing","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuyao","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7608-412X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6044-1137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wanqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Population Health of Tianjin, Tianjin, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70225-6","article-title":"Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders","volume":"3","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy011","article-title":"Adverse effects on thyroid of Chinese children exposed to long-term iodine excess: optimal and safe Tolerable Upper Intake Levels of iodine for 7- to 14-y-old children","volume":"107","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-014-2273-y","article-title":"An assessment of iodine nutritional status and thyroid hormone levels in children aged 8-10 years living in Zhejiang Province, China: a cross-sectional study","volume":"173","author":"Zou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-019-0491-x","article-title":"Iodine status of 8 to 10 years old children within 20 years following compulsory salt iodization policy in Shanghai, China","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr J."},{"key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0005","volume-title":"Assessment of Iodine Deficiency Disorders and Monitoring Their Elimination: a Guide for Programme Managers","author":"WHO\/UNICEF\/ICCIDD","year":"2007"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.144071","article-title":"Ten repeat collections for urinary iodine from spot samples or 24-hour samples are needed to reliably estimate individual iodine status in women","volume":"141","author":"K\u00f6nig","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2018.0412","article-title":"Shift of reference values for thyroid volume by ultrasound in 8- to 13-year-olds with sufficient iodine intake in China","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thyroid."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2014.0052","article-title":"Thyroglobulin as a biomarker of iodine deficiency: a review","volume":"24","author":"Ma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid."},{"key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy325","article-title":"Serum iodine is correlated with iodine intake and thyroid function in school-age children from a sufficient-to-excessive iodine intake area","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy008","article-title":"Micronutrients, iodine status and concentrations of thyroid hormones: a systematic review","volume":"76","author":"O\u2019Kane","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(65)90053-3","article-title":"Effect of dietary iodine on serum inorganic and salivary iodine","volume":"14","author":"Vought","year":"1965","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1177\/026010600902000204","article-title":"Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral health","volume":"20","author":"Venturi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr Health."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-1104fje","article-title":"Dual oxidases represent novel hydrogen peroxide sources supporting mucosal surface host defense","volume":"17","author":"Geiszt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021544","article-title":"Immunohistochemical profile of the sodium\/iodide symporter in thyroid, breast, and other carcinomas using high density tissue microarrays and conventional sections","volume":"88","author":"Wapnir","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105118","article-title":"Influence of the gastrointestinal iodide cycle on the early distribution of radioactive iodide in man","volume":"44","author":"Hays","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6302869","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6302869","article-title":"Effect of Excess Iodide Intake on Salivary Glands in a Swiss Albino Mice Model","volume":"2017","author":"Ross","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2012-1036","article-title":"The Na+\/I- symporter (NIS): mechanism and medical impact","volume":"35","author":"Portulano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.229005","article-title":"Estimation of the prevalence of inadequate and excessive iodine intakes in school-age children from the adjusted distribution of urinary iodine concentrations from population surveys","volume":"146","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0019","volume-title":"Diagnostic criterion of endemic goiter","author":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","year":"2007"},{"key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0020","volume-title":"Chinese dietary reference intakes\u2014part 3: trace element","author":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China","year":"2017"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503321582060","article-title":"Radioactive iodine and the salivary glands","volume":"13","author":"Mandel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-196705000-00013","article-title":"Radioisotope scanning of the salivary glands. A preliminary report","volume":"77","author":"Gates","year":"1967","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-2998(81)80023-2","article-title":"Radionuclide salivary gland imaging","volume":"11","author":"Mishkin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Semin Nucl Med."},{"key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2018.08.081","article-title":"Bromine and iodine determination in human saliva: challenges in the development of an accurate method","volume":"191","author":"Novo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Talanta."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1039\/C5JA00488H","article-title":"Halogen determination in food and biological materials using plasma-based techniques: challenges and trends of sample preparation","volume":"31","author":"Mesko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anal At Spectrom."},{"issue":"24","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-7077-9","article-title":"Analytical methods for the determination of halogens in bioanalytical sciences: a review","volume":"405","author":"Mello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal Bioanal Chem."},{"issue":"9645","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61005-3","article-title":"Iodine-deficiency disorders","volume":"372","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-010-0137-4","article-title":"Seasons but not ethnicity influence urinary iodine concentrations in Belgian adults","volume":"50","author":"Moreno-Reyes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1430727","article-title":"Thyroid ultrasound compared with World Health Organization 1960 and 1994 palpation criteria for determination of goiter prevalence in regions of mild and severe iodine deficiency","volume":"143","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"17","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0030","first-page":"256","article-title":"Iodine determination in salivary samples and the relationship between iodine concentration in saliva and urine (In Chinese)","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Chin J Ctrl Endem Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.5414\/TEX01186","article-title":"Urine and saliva iodine levels in patients with dental caries and normal healthy volunteers","volume":"29","author":"Gulaboglul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trace Elem Electrolytes"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.181974","article-title":"Biomarkers of nutrition for development\u2013iodine review","volume":"144","author":"Rohner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0033","first-page":"1062","article-title":"[Simplified method for plasma inorganic iodine (PII) estimation. Simplification of salivary iodine determination]","volume":"46","author":"Takeshita","year":"1971","journal-title":"Nihon Naibunpi Gakkai Zasshi."},{"key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.110395","article-title":"Urinary iodine, thyroid function, and thyroglobulin as biomarkers of iodine status","volume":"104","author":"Pearce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021122202512751700_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.951031032","article-title":"Biological monitoring of iodine, a water disinfectant for long-term space missions","volume":"103","author":"Zareba","year":"1995","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa471\/33565405\/dgaa471.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/105\/9\/e3451\/41846195\/dgaa471.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/105\/9\/e3451\/41846195\/dgaa471.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T02:52:13Z","timestamp":1640141533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/105\/9\/e3451\/5873876"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa471","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]]}}}