{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T02:38:23Z","timestamp":1783391903034,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pituitary gangliocytomas (GCs) are rare neuronal tumors that present with endocrinological disorders, such as acromegaly, amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome, and Cushing\u2019s disease. Most pituitary GCs coexist with pituitary adenomas pathologically and are diagnosed as mixed gangliocytoma-adenomas. Herein, we report a case of 45-year-old man who presented with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (SITSH) and discuss the pathogenesis of pituitary GCs.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging showed an 8-mm homogeneous and poorly enhanced mass inside the pituitary gland. Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery was performed under a preoperative diagnosis of thyrotroph adenoma. However, the tumor was finally diagnosed as gangliocytoma without an adenomatous component. The tumor was further analyzed via immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Additionally, we searched MEDLINE and PubMed for previously published cases of isolated pituitary GCs and analyzed the reported clinicopathological findings.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The patient showed complete clinical and endocrinological recovery after an operation. The tumor was positive for thyrotropin (TSH), TSH-releasing hormone (TRH), Pit-1, GATA-2, and most neuronal markers. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of intracytoplasmic secretory granules and neuronal processes. Co-secreting hypothalamic and pituitary hormone inside the tumor indicated autocrine\/paracrine endocrinological stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Herein, we report a case of SITSH caused by an isolated pituitary gangliocytoma, expressing both TSH and TRH, which, to our best knowledge, is the first reported case of such a condition. The multidirectional differentiation and multihormonal endocrine characteristics of these tumors indicate that they are a member of neuroendocrine neoplasms, further supporting that they are derived from neural crest cells.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T16:19:22Z","timestamp":1595607562000},"page":"3109-3121","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Pituitary Gangliocytoma Producing TSH and TRH: A Review of \u201cGangliocytomas of the Sellar Region\u201d"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2019-1732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiyohiko","family":"Sakata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University, School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kana","family":"Fujimori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University, School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6987-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satoru","family":"Komaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University, School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6645-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Furuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Kurume University, School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7250-457X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuo","family":"Sugita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropathology, Neurology Center, St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8753-6016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenji","family":"Ashida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masatoshi","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7179-1258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motohiro","family":"Morioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kurume University, School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1769-8","article-title":"The 2017 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the pituitary gland: a summary","volume":"134","author":"Lopes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1211342","article-title":"Gangliocytomas of the sellar region\u2013a review","volume":"103","author":"Puchner","year":"1995","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.08.002","article-title":"Gangliocytomas of the sellar region: a challenging diagnosis","volume":"149","author":"Cossu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0004","first-page":"369","article-title":"Ganglion cell-containing tumors of the pituitary gland","volume":"120","author":"Towfighi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2014.08.034","article-title":"Gangliocytomas in the sellar region","volume":"126","author":"Qiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-013-0551-8","article-title":"Pituitary adenoma with gangliocytic component: report of 5 cases with focus on immunoprofile of gangliocytic component","volume":"18","author":"Balci","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pituitary."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.08.174","article-title":"Transsphenoidal surgery for mixed pituitary gangliocytoma-adenomas","volume":"108","author":"Shepard","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3109\/01913129409021900","article-title":"Pituitary adenoma with neuronal choristoma (PANCH): composite lesion or lineage infidelity?","volume":"18","author":"Horvath","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ultrastruct Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-006-0055-y","article-title":"Ganglion cell containing pituitary adenomas: signs of neuronal differentiation in adenoma cells","volume":"112","author":"Kontogeorgos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2015.11.004","article-title":"Pituitary adenoma-neuronal choristoma is a pituitary adenoma with ganglionic differentiation","volume":"99","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Mol Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12322","article-title":"Characteristics of ganglion cells in pituitary gangliocytomas","volume":"37","author":"Novello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropathology."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1983.59.6.1071","article-title":"Intrasellar gangliocytoma and syndromes of pituitary hypersecretion. Case report","volume":"59","author":"Fischer","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/42.1.29","article-title":"The pathological examination of forty intracranial neoplasms","volume":"42","author":"Greenfield","year":"1919","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1930.02220150002001","article-title":"Ganglioglioma. Tumor of the central nervous system; review of the literature and report of two cases","volume":"24","author":"Courville","year":"1930","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1931.02230090034004","article-title":"The ganglioneuromas of the central nervous system","volume":"26","author":"Alpers","year":"1931","journal-title":"Arch Neurol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01405460","article-title":"Intracranial ganglioneuromas in children","volume":"32","author":"Arseni","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-198205000-00003","article-title":"Intrasellar neural-adenohypophyseal choristoma. A morphological and immunocytochemical study","volume":"41","author":"Rhodes","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1999.91.3.0490","article-title":"Gangliocytoma masquerading as a prolactinoma. Case report","volume":"91","author":"McCowen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01949531","article-title":"Die Histopathologie der hypophyse","volume":"259","author":"Kiyono","year":"1926","journal-title":"Virchows Arch (Pathol Anat)"},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0020","first-page":"185","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur normalen und pathologischen Morphologie der Hypophyse","volume":"22","author":"Benda","year":"1927","journal-title":"Verh Dtsch Ges Pathol."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0021","first-page":"404","article-title":"Ueber neurogene geschw\u00fclste im hinterlappen der Hypophyse","volume":"56","author":"Casper","year":"1932\/1933","journal-title":"Zentralb Allg Pathol."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.27.3.268","article-title":"A case of ganglioneuroma arising in the pituitary fossa","volume":"27","author":"Robertson","year":"1964","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.47.1.97","article-title":"Ganglioneuroma arising in the pituitary fossa: a twenty year follow-up","volume":"47","author":"Serebrin","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1974.40.5.0626","article-title":"Intrasellar gangliocytomas. Report of four cases","volume":"40","author":"Jakumeit","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00685150","article-title":"Neurosekretorisches ganglienzell-choristom in der adenohypophyse","volume":"36","author":"Ule","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Neuropath (Berl)."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0026","first-page":"48","article-title":"[Hormonally active (somatotropin) hypophyseal ganglioneuroma]","volume":"43","author":"Nikonov","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arkh Patol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-58-5-796","article-title":"A case for hypothalamic acromegaly: a clinicopathological study of six patients with hypothalamic gangliocytomas producing growth hormone-releasing factor","volume":"58","author":"Asa","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-101-6-789","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s disease associated with an intrasellar gangliocytoma producing corticotrophin-releasing factor","volume":"101","author":"Asa","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.27.105","article-title":"Immunoreactivity with \u201chypothalamic\u201d neuropeptides in neuronal neoplasms of the central nervous system. With special reference to the histogenesis of neuronal neoplasms","volume":"27","author":"Nishio","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02915156","article-title":"Intrasellar gangliocytoma with multiple immunoreactivities","volume":"1","author":"Yamada","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1053428","article-title":"Intrasellar gangliocytoma resembling pituitary adenoma","volume":"40","author":"Baysefer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s002920050236","article-title":"Combined neuronal and endocrine tumors of the sellar region","volume":"18","author":"Saeger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pathologe."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200004000-00017","article-title":"\u201cGangliocytomas\u201d of the pituitary: a heterogeneous group of lesions with differing histogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Geddes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345360","article-title":"Acromegaly due to a growth hormone-releasing hormone-secreting intracranial gangliocytoma","volume":"28","author":"Isidro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-014-0595-4","article-title":"Infrasellar pituitary gangliocytoma causing Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"18","author":"Domingue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pituitary."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.08.011","article-title":"The sellar and suprasellar region: a \u201chideaway\u201d of rare lesions. Clinical aspects, imaging findings, surgical outcome and comparative analysis","volume":"149","author":"Petrakakis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0037","article-title":"Gangliocytoma: outcome of a rare silent pituitary tumour","author":"Donadille","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2001.28245","article-title":"Cytokeratin 7 and 20 and thyroid transcription factor 1 can help distinguish pulmonary from gastrointestinal carcinoid and pancreatic endocrine tumors","volume":"32","author":"Cai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum Pathol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800954","article-title":"Somatostatin receptor type 2A immunohistochemistry in neuroendocrine tumors: a proposal of scoring system correlated with somatostatin receptor scintigraphy","volume":"20","author":"Volante","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod Pathol."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(60)90181-9","article-title":"Remission of Graves\u2019 disease following radiotherapy of a pituitary neoplasm","volume":"28","author":"Jailer","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am J Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-016-0863-3","article-title":"Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management","volume":"52","author":"Amlashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2020.105865","article-title":"Somatostatin receptor profile in pituitary thyrotroph adenomas","volume":"195","author":"Thodou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-010-0271-2","article-title":"In vivo and in vitro response to octreotide LAR in a TSH-secreting adenoma: characterization of somatostatin receptor expression and role of subtype 5","volume":"14","author":"Gatto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pituitary."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-009-9094-y","article-title":"Clinicopathological characterization of TSH-producing adenomas: special reference to TSH-immunoreactive but clinically non-functioning adenomas","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2013.11.003","article-title":"Somatostatin analogs: does pharmacology impact antitumor efficacy?","volume":"25","author":"Chalabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2013.07.005","article-title":"Somatostatin receptors: from signaling to clinical practice","volume":"34","author":"Theodoropoulou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s004010051200","article-title":"Ganglion cells in the posterior pituitary: result of ectopia or transdifferentiation?","volume":"100","author":"Horvath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009913303109","article-title":"Prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma and carcinoma with neuronal components\u2013a metaplastic lesion","volume":"1","author":"Scheithauer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pituitary."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0b013e3182634969","article-title":"Atypical pituitary adenoma with neurocytic transformation","volume":"22","author":"Rotondo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-004-0862-y","article-title":"Prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma with incomplete neuronal transformation: an intermediate adenoma-neuronal tumor","volume":"108","author":"Thodou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1369\/jhc.7A7311.2007","article-title":"Neuronal differentiation and expression of neural epitopes in pituitary adenomas","volume":"55","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0052","first-page":"185","article-title":"Metaplasia. An overview","volume":"108","author":"Lugo","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3985","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-0185","article-title":"The adult pituitary contains a cell population displaying stem\/progenitor cell and early embryonic characteristics","volume":"146","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02739974","article-title":"The immunophenotype of pituitary adenomas","volume":"7","author":"Lloyd","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000806","article-title":"Mixed gangliocytoma-pituitary adenoma: insights on the pathogenesis of a rare sellar tumor","volume":"41","author":"Lopes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.08.018","article-title":"Pituitary stem cells: where do we stand?","volume":"385","author":"Vankelecom","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-17-0258","article-title":"Stem\/progenitor cells in pituitary organ homeostasis and tumourigenesis","volume":"236","author":"Haston","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0803-y","article-title":"Pituitary adenomas, stem cells, and cancer stem cells: what\u2019s new?","volume":"41","author":"Caffarini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00054","article-title":"Experimental evidence and clinical implications of pituitary adenoma stem cells","volume":"11","author":"W\u00fcrth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.03.031","article-title":"Evidence of brain tumor stem progenitor-like cells with low proliferative capacity in human benign pituitary adenoma","volume":"349","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.7.1059","article-title":"The cephalic neural crest provides pericytes and smooth muscle cells to all blood vessels of the face and forebrain","volume":"128","author":"Etchevers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Development."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000803","article-title":"Transdifferentiation of neuroendocrine cells: gangliocytoma associated with two pituitary adenomas of different lineage in MEN1","volume":"41","author":"Sergeant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C5","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-17-0004","article-title":"From pituitary adenoma to pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET): an International Pituitary Pathology Club proposal","volume":"24","author":"Asa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Relat Cancer."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12020514","article-title":"How to classify the pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET)s in 2020","volume":"12","author":"Trouillas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-018-0110-y","article-title":"A common classification framework for neuroendocrine neoplasms: an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and World Health Organization (WHO) expert consensus proposal","volume":"31","author":"Rindi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod Pathol."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2010.166","article-title":"The origin of neuroendocrine tumors and the neural crest saga","volume":"24","author":"Rosai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mod Pathol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/cncy.21765","article-title":"Algorithmic approach to neuroendocrine tumors in targeted biopsies: practical applications of immunohistochemical markers","volume":"124","author":"Duan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Cytopathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-017-9494-3","article-title":"Composite pheochromocytoma\/paraganglioma-ganglioneuroma: a clinicopathologic study of eight cases with analysis of succinate dehydrogenase","volume":"28","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-016-9432-9","article-title":"Mixed neuroendocrine-nonneuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs): unifying the concept of a heterogeneous group of neoplasms","volume":"27","author":"La Rosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Pathol."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000001123","article-title":"Mixed adenoma well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (MANET) of the digestive system: an indolent subtype of mixed neuroendocrine-nonneuroendocrine neoplasm (MiNEN)","volume":"42","author":"La Rosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anndiagpath.2010.02.005","article-title":"Mixed cortical adenoma and composite pheochromocytoma-ganglioneuroma: an unusual corticomedullary tumor of the adrenal gland","volume":"15","author":"Lau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Diagn Pathol."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2019.12.002","article-title":"Immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis and classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms: what can brown do for you?","volume":"96","author":"Bellizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Pathol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1177\/32.8.6146648","article-title":"Multidirectional differentiation in neuroendocrine neoplasms","volume":"32","author":"DeLellis","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Histochem Cytochem."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/neup.12284","article-title":"Epithelial and organ-related marker expression in pituitary adenomas","volume":"36","author":"Cykowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropathology."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-019-02655-0","article-title":"A standardised diagnostic approach to pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs): a European Pituitary Pathology Group (EPPG) proposal","volume":"475","author":"Villa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"issue":"9","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0076","first-page":"3241","article-title":"Pituitary somatotroph adenoma producing growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone (GHRH) with an elevated plasma GHRH concentration: a model case for autocrine and paracrine regulation of GH secretion by GHRH","volume":"84","author":"Matsuno","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"2019)","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0077","first-page":"EDM190099","article-title":"Mixed gangliocytoma-pituitary adenoma containing GH and GHRH co-secreting adenoma cells","volume":"2019","author":"Teramoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-68-3-572","article-title":"Normal and growth hormone (GH)-secreting adenomatous human pituitaries release somatostatin and GH-releasing hormone","volume":"68","author":"Joubert","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2000.8450","article-title":"Growth hormone-releasing hormone expression in pituitary somatotroph adenomas, studied by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization using catalyzed signal amplification system","volume":"31","author":"Matsuno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum Pathol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.41.549","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome with a large pituitary adenoma producing both corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)","volume":"41","author":"Yamada","year":"2002","journal-title":"Intern Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2945","article-title":"Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone co-secreting tumors in children and adolescents causing cushing syndrome: a diagnostic dilemma and how to solve it","volume":"100","author":"Karageorgiadis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-948212","article-title":"Ectopic Cushing\u2019s syndrome due to concurrent corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secreted by malignant gastrinoma","volume":"115","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.4158\/EP13001.CR","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome due to a corticotropin-releasing hormone- and adrenocorticotrophic hormone-producing neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor","volume":"20","author":"Sauer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/109\/7\/0017","article-title":"Thyroid-stimulating hormone pituitary adenomas","volume":"109","author":"Clarke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neurosurg."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-018-3632-7","article-title":"Mixed gangliocytoma-pituitary adenoma in the sellar region: a large-scale single-center experience","volume":"160","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3416","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.8.6146","article-title":"Thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in the anterior pituitary. IV. Evidence for paracrine and autocrine regulation","volume":"139","author":"Bruhn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9375-y","article-title":"Advances in TRH signaling","volume":"17","author":"Joseph-Bravo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18667","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018667","article-title":"GATA2 mediates thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced transcriptional activation of the thyrotropin \u03b2 gene","volume":"6","author":"Ohba","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plos One."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(05)80128-7","article-title":"Detection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the human normal and tumoral anterior pituitary","volume":"182","author":"Pagesy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1089\/105072503321319477","article-title":"The autocrine\/paracrine regulation of thyrotropin secretion","volume":"13","author":"Pazos-Moura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thyroid."},{"key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.09.016","article-title":"Regulation of pituitary stem cells by epithelial to mesenchymal transition events and signaling pathways","volume":"445","author":"Cheung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12861-016-0118-9","article-title":"\u03b2-catenin is required in the neural crest and mesencephalon for pituitary gland organogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Dev Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/joa.12572","article-title":"Gene tracing analysis reveals the contribution of neural crest-derived cells in pituitary development","volume":"230","author":"Ueharu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anat."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122105541131000_CIT0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-017-2724-7","article-title":"SOX10-positive cells emerge in the rat pituitary gland during late embryogenesis and start to express S100\u03b2","volume":"372","author":"Ueharu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa474\/33529510\/dgaa474.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/105\/10\/3109\/41827931\/dgaa474.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/105\/10\/3109\/41827931\/dgaa474.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T05:56:42Z","timestamp":1640066202000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/105\/10\/3109\/5876003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa474","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]]}}}