{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:55:11Z","timestamp":1789520111253,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007231","name":"Cornell University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007231","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008586","name":"President's Council of Cornell Women","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-HD0937848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HD0937848"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-HD0937848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-HD0937848"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32-DK007158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32-DK007158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["146182"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["146182"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The mechanism of oligo-anovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To evaluate follicular and endocrine characteristics of anovulatory and sporadic ovulatory cycles in women with PCOS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Prospective, longitudinal study.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Academic clinical research unit.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>26 reproductive-aged women (18-38 years) with PCOS, observed during natural anovulatory (PCOS-Anov; n\u2005=\u200512) and sporadic ovulatory cycles (PCOS-Ov; n\u2005=\u200514), and 12 controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Transvaginal ultrasonography and venipuncture were performed every other day for 4 to 6 weeks in women with PCOS or at 1 interovulatory interval in control subjects.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Follicle number and diameter (ie, \u22652 mm) were quantified at each visit. Individual growth profiles were assessed for all follicles that grew to \u22657 mm. Blood samples were assayed for follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and progesterone.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Follicular excess, or heightened follicle number versus controls, was observed across anovulatory and sporadic ovulatory cycles in PCOS. In PCOS-Anov, follicles emerged cyclically in some women (6\/12; 50%) and continuously in others (6\/12; 50%), then grew to a mean maximum diameter of 7.2 mm and regressed within 4.7 days. In PCOS-Ov, follicles mostly emerged cyclically as part of a cohort and dominant follicles showed normal growth to ovulation\u2014albeit mean and maximum luteal progesterone concentrations were significantly lower versus controls.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Follicle growth and regression were detected on ultrasonography amidst perpetual follicular excess in PCOS. Documentation of continuous follicle recruitment and turnover, the absence of persistence, and altered luteal progesterone following sporadic ovulation, provide formative data on antral follicle development in PCOS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T18:42:29Z","timestamp":1599244949000},"page":"e3847-e3861","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Ultrasound Characterization of Disordered Antral Follicle Development in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7328-7186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brittany Y","family":"Jarrett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Vanden Brink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis L","family":"Oldfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7203-5814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marla E","family":"Lujan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-198202000-00001","article-title":"Morphology and morphogenesis of the Stein-Leventhal ovary and of so-called \u201chyperthecosis.\u201d","volume":"37","author":"Hughesdon","year":"1982","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5321","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0643","article-title":"Stockpiling of transitional and classic primary follicles in ovaries of women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"89","author":"Maciel","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"9389","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14410-8","article-title":"Formation and early development of follicles in the polycystic ovary","volume":"362","author":"Webber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0004","first-page":"3984","article-title":"Premature response to luteinizing hormone of granulosa cells from anovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome: relevance to mechanism of anovulation","volume":"83","author":"Willis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0005","first-page":"302","article-title":"Modulation by insulin of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone actions in human granulosa cells of normal and polycystic ovaries","volume":"81","author":"Willis","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s002850050092","article-title":"Modelling the control of ovulation and polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Ch\u00e1vez-Ross","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Math Biol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03350780","article-title":"Polysystic ovary syndrome\u2013loss of the apoptotic mechanism in the ovarian follicles?","volume":"21","author":"Homburg","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00544-2","article-title":"A new model for ovarian follicular development during the human menstrual cycle","volume":"80","author":"Baerwald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.017772","article-title":"Characterization of ovarian follicular wave dynamics in women","volume":"69","author":"Baerwald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol Reprod."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmr039","article-title":"Ovarian antral folliculogenesis during the human menstrual cycle: a review","volume":"18","author":"Baerwald","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmh010","article-title":"The follicular excess in polycystic ovaries, due to intra-ovarian hyperandrogenism, may be the main culprit for the follicular arrest","volume":"10","author":"Jonard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1422","article-title":"Prolonged survival in culture of preantral follicles from polycystic ovaries","volume":"92","author":"Webber","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn015","article-title":"Follicle dynamics and anovulation in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"14","author":"Franks","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0014","first-page":"1158","article-title":"Hypersecretion of androstenedione by isolated thecal cells from polycystic ovaries","volume":"79","author":"Gilling-Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1210\/er.16.3.322","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome as a form of functional ovarian hyperandrogenism due to dysregulation of androgen secretion","volume":"16","author":"Ehrmann","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmw025","article-title":"The management of anovulatory infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an analysis of the evidence to support the development of global WHO guidance","volume":"22","author":"Balen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update."},{"key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(94)00014-L","article-title":"Computer-assisted image analysis, diagnostic ultrasonography and ovulation induction: strange bedfellows","volume":"43","author":"Pierson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.11.054","article-title":"Growth rates of ovarian follicles during natural menstrual cycles, oral contraception cycles, and ovarian stimulation cycles","volume":"91","author":"Baerwald","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.7751","article-title":"Development of morphologically dominant follicles is associated with fewer metabolic disturbances in amenorrheic women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study","volume":"36","author":"Lujan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4565","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2350","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"98","author":"Legro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0021","first-page":"377","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rational approach","volume-title":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.","author":"Zawadzki","year":"1992"},{"issue":"9","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey256","article-title":"Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Teede","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Reprod."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.02.015","article-title":"A practical method for ultrasonographically monitoring the day-to-day growth of individual ovarian follicles in women undergoing assisted reproduction","volume":"38","author":"Rouleau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0b013e31828cfb62","article-title":"Age-related changes in major ovarian follicular wave dynamics during the human menstrual cycle","volume":"20","author":"Vanden Brink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Menopause."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1994.04060488.x","article-title":"Characteristics of follicular evacuation during human ovulation","volume":"4","author":"Hanna","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.1891","article-title":"Form and function of the corpus luteum during the human menstrual cycle","volume":"25","author":"Baerwald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.02.008","article-title":"Grid analysis improves reliability in follicle counts made by ultrasonography in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Lujan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmg044","article-title":"Ultrasound assessment of the polycystic ovary: international consensus definitions","volume":"9","author":"Balen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1200361","article-title":"Ultrasonography and hormone profiles of persistent ovarian follicles (cysts) induced with low doses of progesterone in cattle","volume":"120","author":"Noble","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Reprod Fertil."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1506119","article-title":"Effects of testosterone treatment in older men","volume":"374","author":"Snyder","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.12.136","article-title":"Sonographic markers of ovarian morphology, but not hirsutism indices, predict serum total testosterone in women with regular menstrual cycles","volume":"105","author":"Vanden Brink","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.84.10.6079","article-title":"A critical evaluation of simple methods for the estimation of free testosterone in serum","volume":"84","author":"Vermeulen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1487","article-title":"Use and abuse of HOMA modeling","volume":"27","author":"Wallace","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4553","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2643","article-title":"Associations between antral ovarian follicle dynamics and hormone production throughout the menstrual cycle as women age","volume":"100","author":"Vanden Brink","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2006.00051.x","article-title":"Variability in the phases of the menstrual cycle","volume":"35","author":"Fehring","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmt061","article-title":"Definition and significance of polycystic ovarian morphology: a task force report from the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Society","volume":"20","author":"Dewailly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.02.063","article-title":"Timing of oocyte maturation and egg collection during controlled ovarian stimulation: a randomized controlled trial evaluating manual and automated measurements of follicle diameter","volume":"94","author":"Raine-Fenning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0038","first-page":"1355","article-title":"Estradiol production by granulosa cells of normal and polycystic ovaries: relationship to menstrual cycle history and concentrations of gonadotropins and sex steroids in follicular fluid","volume":"79","author":"Mason","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-992925","article-title":"Implications of polycystic ovary syndrome on oocyte development","volume":"26","author":"Dumesic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Reprod Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml036","article-title":"A meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Boomsma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.6.1459","article-title":"Luteal phase progesterone excretion in ovulatory women with polycystic ovaries","volume":"17","author":"Joseph-Horne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum Reprod."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2274","article-title":"Pulsatile luteinizing hormone amplitude and progesterone metabolite excretion are reduced in obese women","volume":"92","author":"Jain","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp008","article-title":"Metabolic features of the reproductive phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Moran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122201015365500_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2012.01053.x","article-title":"The effect of obesity on polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obes Rev."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/105\/11\/e3847\/41828423\/dgaa515.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/105\/11\/e3847\/41828423\/dgaa515.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T01:02:22Z","timestamp":1640134942000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/105\/11\/e3847\/5891761"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa515","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]}}}