{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:01:03Z","timestamp":1792026063023,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>New approaches are needed to address the evolution of the primary aldosteronism syndrome and to increase its recognition. Herein, we review evidence indicating that primary aldosteronism is a prevalent syndrome that is mostly unrecognized, and present a pragmatic and pathophysiology-based approach to improve diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Evidence was gathered from published guidelines and studies identified from PubMed by searching for primary aldosteronism, aldosterone, renin, and hypertension. This evidence was supplemented by the authors\u2019 personal knowledge, research experience, and clinical encounters in primary aldosteronism.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Interpretation of Evidence<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Renin-independent aldosterone production is a prevalent phenotype that is diagnosed as primary aldosteronism when severe in magnitude, but is largely unrecognized when milder in severity. Renin-independent aldosterone production can be detected in normotensive and hypertensive individuals, and the magnitude of this biochemical phenotype parallels the magnitude of blood pressure elevation, the risk for incident hypertension and cardiovascular disease, and the likelihood and magnitude of blood pressure reduction with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist therapy. Expansion of the indications to screen for primary aldosteronism, combined with the use of a pathophysiology-based approach that emphasizes inappropriate aldosterone production in the context of renin suppression, will substantially increase the diagnostic and therapeutic yields for primary aldosteronism.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The landscape of primary aldosteronism has evolved to recognize that it is a prevalent syndrome of renin-independent aldosterone production that contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Expanding screening indications and simplifying the diagnostic approach will enable implementation of targeted treatment for primary aldosteronism.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]],"date-time":"2020-08-31T18:00:57Z","timestamp":1598896857000},"page":"3771-3783","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Evolution of the Primary Aldosteronism Syndrome: Updating the Approach"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0314-9252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anand","family":"Vaidya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Hypertension, Brigham & Women\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2021122106260760900_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00139","article-title":"The expanding spectrum of primary aldosteronism: implications for diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment","volume":"39","author":"Vaidya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122106260760900_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4061","article-title":"The management of primary aldosteronism: case detection, diagnosis, and treatment: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"101","author":"Funder","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol 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