{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T14:46:02Z","timestamp":1790347562001,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Whilst skeletal muscles\u2019 primary role is allowing movement, it has important metabolic roles, including in glycemic control. Indeed, evidence indicates that low muscle mass and function are associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, highlighting its importance in the development of metabolic disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this mini-review, we detail the evidence highlighting the importance of muscle in type 2 diabetes and the efficacy of resistance exercise in improving glycemic control alongside our approach to increase uptake of such exercise in people with type 2 diabetes. This summary is based in the authors\u2019 knowledge of the filed supplemented by a Pubmed search using the terms \u201cmuscle,\u201d \u201cglycemic control,\u201d \u201cHbA1c,\u201d \u201ctype 2 diabetes,\u201d and \u201cresistance exercise.\u201d<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The main strategy to increases muscle mass is to perform resistance exercise and, although the quality of evidence is low, such exercise appears effective in reducing Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) in people with type 2 diabetes. However, to increase participation we need to improve our understanding of barriers and facilitators to such exercise. Current data indicate that barriers are similar to those reported for aerobic exercise, with additional resistance exercise specific barriers of looking to muscular, increase risk of cardiovascular event, having access to specialized equipment and knowledge of how to use it.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The development of simple resistance exercises that can be performed anywhere, that use little or no equipment and are effective in reducing HbA1c will be, in our opinion, key to increasing the number of people with type 2 diabetes performing resistance exercise.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:33:09Z","timestamp":1605141189000},"page":"309-317","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Skeletal Muscle and Metabolic Health: How Do We Increase Muscle Mass and Function in People with Type 2 Diabetes?"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Ebaa","family":"Al-Ozairi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait City, Kuwait"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabirya, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalal","family":"Alsaeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait City, Kuwait"},{"name":"Ministry of Health, Kuwait City, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dherar","family":"Alroudhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait City, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nia","family":"Voase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Unit, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait City, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amal","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait City, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M R","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1604-2593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveed","family":"Sattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7970-3643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Welsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy M","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jirapitcha","family":"Boonpor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2612-3917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Celis-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8969-9636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stuart R","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0001","article-title":"Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","author":"Cruz-Jentoft","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"8","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009520","article-title":"Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico","volume":"147","author":"Baumgartner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.990S","article-title":"Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance","volume":"127","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113637","article-title":"Grip strength across the life course: Normative data from twelve British studies","volume":"9","author":"Dodds","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.06.013","article-title":"New normative values for handgrip strength: results from the UK Biobank","volume":"14","author":"Spruit","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12112","article-title":"Reference ranges of handgrip strength from 125 462 healthy adults in 21 countries: a prospective urban rural epidemiologic (PURE) study","volume":"7","author":"Leong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116681","article-title":"Incidence of and risk factors for falls and injurious falls among the community-dwelling elderly","volume":"137","author":"O\u2019Loughlin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2004.52014.x","article-title":"The healthcare costs of sarcopenia in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Janssen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-018-0478-1","article-title":"Health care costs associated with muscle weakness: a UK population-based estimate","author":"Pinedo-Villanueva","year":"2019;104(2):137\u2013144","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1183","article-title":"Decreased muscle strength and quality in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study","volume":"55","author":"Park","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12189","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes is associated with low muscle mass in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-2537","article-title":"Accelerated loss of skeletal muscle strength in older adults with type 2 diabetes: the health, aging, and body composition study","volume":"30","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0264","article-title":"Excessive loss of skeletal muscle mass in older adults with type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3076","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-0412","article-title":"Physical function limitations among middle-aged and older adults with prediabetes: one exercise prescription may not fit all","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"9990","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62000-6","article-title":"Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study","volume":"386","author":"Leong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2219","article-title":"Physical capability in mid-life and survival over 13 years of follow-up: British birth cohort study","volume":"348","author":"Cooper","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c4467","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4467","article-title":"Objectively measured physical capability levels and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"341","author":"Cooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-206776","article-title":"The association of grip strength from midlife onwards with all-cause and cause-specific mortality over 17\u2005years of follow-up in the Troms\u00f8 Study","author":"Strand","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k1651","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1651","article-title":"Associations of grip strength with cardiovascular, respiratory, and cancer outcomes and all cause mortality: prospective cohort study of half a million UK Biobank participants","volume":"361","author":"Celis-Morales","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0020","article-title":"Grip strength and walking pace and cardiovascular disease risk prediction in 406 834 UK biobank participants","author":"Welsh","year":"","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"12","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0921","article-title":"Associations between diabetes and both cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality are modified by grip strength: evidence from UK biobank, a prospective population-based cohort study","volume":"40","author":"Celis-Morales","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-017-0184-9","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids and muscle protein synthesis in humans: myth or reality?","volume":"14","author":"Wolfe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI106017","article-title":"Amino acid metabolism during prolonged starvation","volume":"48","author":"Felig","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E75","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1995.268.1.E75","article-title":"Transmembrane transport and intracellular of amino acids in human skeletal muscle kinetics","volume":"268","author":"Biolo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(73)90269-2","article-title":"The glucose-alanine cycle","volume":"22","author":"Felig","year":"1973","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0026","volume-title":"Hunger Disease. Studies by the Jewish Physicians in the Warsaw Ghetto.","author":"Winick","year":"1979"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/50.3.444","article-title":"Magnitude of body-cell-mass depletion and the timing of death from wasting in AIDS","volume":"50","author":"Kotler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890410017467","article-title":"Cardiac cachexia","volume":"36","author":"Anker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2018.0137","article-title":"Association of muscle and adiposity measured by computed tomography with survival in patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer","volume":"4","author":"Caan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2005.11.002","article-title":"Age-dependent differences in survival after severe burns: a unicentric review of 1674 patients and 179 autopsies over 15 years","volume":"202","author":"Pereira","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0031","first-page":"E214","article-title":"Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance","volume":"237","author":"DeFronzo","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.30.12.1000","article-title":"The effect of insulin on the disposal of intravenous glucose. Results from indirect calorimetry and hepatic and femoral venous catheterization","volume":"30","author":"DeFronzo","year":"1981","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111938","article-title":"Effects of insulin on peripheral and splanchnic glucose metabolism in noninsulin-dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus","volume":"76","author":"DeFronzo","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S157","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-S302","article-title":"Skeletal muscle insulin resistance is the primary defect in type 2 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"DeFronzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-0516","article-title":"Skeletal muscle GLUT1 transporter protein expression and basal leg glucose uptake are reduced in type 2 diabetes","volume":"90","author":"Ciaraldi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0252","article-title":"Association of the muscle\/fat mass ratio with insulin resistance in gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"66","author":"Kawanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr J."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2018.0022","article-title":"Association of thigh muscle mass with insulin resistance and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese Americans","volume":"42","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21168-5","article-title":"Association of muscle mass and fat mass with insulin resistance and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2252","article-title":"Independent and combined association of muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in youth with insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell function in young adulthood: the European Youth Heart Study","volume":"36","author":"Gr\u00f8ntved","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"9","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0137739","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137739","article-title":"The association of handgrip strength and type 2 diabetes mellitus in six ethnic groups: an analysis of the HELIUS study","volume":"10","author":"van der Kooi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1123\/jpah.2015-0241","article-title":"Evidence of a link between grip strength and Type 2 diabetes prevalence and severity among a national sample of U.S. adults","volume":"13","author":"Loprinzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Phys Act Health."},{"issue":"23","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10984","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010984","article-title":"Association between muscle strength and type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults in Korea: Data from the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES) VI","volume":"97","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx031","article-title":"Low normalized grip strength is a biomarker for cardiometabolic disease and physical disabilities among U.S. and Chinese adults","volume":"72","author":"Peterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-015-0463-z","article-title":"Muscle weakness thresholds for prediction of diabetes in adults","volume":"46","author":"Peterson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13323","article-title":"Association between grip strength and diabetes prevalence in black, South Asian, and white European ethnic groups: a cross-sectional analysis of 418 656 participants in the UK Biobank study","author":"Ntuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188650","article-title":"Relative muscle mass and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: A cohort study","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.01.007","article-title":"Greater hand-grip strength predicts a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes over 10 years in leaner Japanese Americans","volume":"92","author":"Wander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.08.004","article-title":"Grip strength is not associated with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in healthy adults: the CoLaus study","volume":"132","author":"Marques-Vidal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-3643","article-title":"Association of muscle mass, area, and strength with incident diabetes in older adults: the health ABC study","volume":"101","author":"Larsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"9","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2002","article-title":"Physical fitness among swedish military conscripts and long-term risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study","volume":"164","author":"Crump","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy067","article-title":"Low grip strength predicts incident diabetes among mid-life women: the Michigan Study of Women\u2019s Health Across the Nation","volume":"47","author":"Karvonen-Gutierrez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Age Ageing."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20170280","article-title":"Physical fitness tests and type 2 diabetes among Japanese: a longitudinal study from the niigata wellness study","volume":"29","author":"Momma","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2018.08.037","article-title":"Association of muscular strength and incidence of type 2 diabetes","volume":"94","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.03.011","article-title":"Muscle grip strength predicts incident type 2 diabetes: population-based cohort study","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12991","article-title":"Dynapenic obesity and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing","volume":"33","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4867-4","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Tarp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k601","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601","article-title":"Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians","volume":"362","author":"Davies","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-01073-z","article-title":"Effect of handgrip on coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4826-0","article-title":"Lean mass, grip strength and risk of type 2 diabetes: a bi-directional Mendelian randomisation study","author":"Yeung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-4607fje","article-title":"Insulin resistance of muscle protein metabolism in aging","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy192","article-title":"Effects of protein supplementation on lean body mass, muscle strength, and physical performance in nonfrail community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"108","author":"Ten Haaf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097608","article-title":"A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults","author":"Morton","year":"2018;52(6):376\u2013384","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"issue":"22","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3029","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440220053029","article-title":"High-intensity strength training in nonagenarians. Effects on skeletal muscle","volume":"263","author":"Fiatarone","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0064","article-title":"Effects of short-term, medium-term and long-term resistance exercise training on cardiometabolic health outcomes in adults: systematic review with meta-analysis","author":"Ashton","year":"2020;54(6):341\u2013348","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0065","author":"World Health Organisation.","year":"2011"},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0066","author":"Davies","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0067","first-page":"607","article-title":"CLINICIAN \u2019 S CORNER physical activity advice only or structured with HbA 1c levels in Type 2 diabetes","volume":"306","author":"Umpierre","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-017-0258-3","article-title":"Resistance training for glycemic control, muscular strength, and lean body mass in old type 2 diabetic patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-018-0703-3","article-title":"Exercise training modalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act."},{"issue":"9131","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07037-8","article-title":"Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group","volume":"352","author":"UKPDS","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1728","article-title":"Physical activity\/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association","volume":"39","author":"Colberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.2.294","article-title":"Strength training increases insulin-mediated glucose uptake, GLUT4 content, and insulin signaling in skeletal muscle in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"53","author":"Holten","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1121-7851","article-title":"Human skeletal muscle mitochondrial adaptations following resistance exercise training","volume":"41","author":"Parry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2721","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270343","article-title":"The effects of resistance exercise training on macro- and micro-circulatory responses to feeding and skeletal muscle protein anabolism in older men","volume":"593","author":"Phillips","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3774-6","article-title":"The forgotten guidelines: cross-sectional analysis of participation in muscle strengthening and balance & co-ordination activities by adults and older adults in Scotland","volume":"16","author":"Strain","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dap031","article-title":"Barriers to regular exercise among adults at high risk or diagnosed with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Korkiakangas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Promot Int."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2013.09.002","article-title":"Exercise facilitators and barriers from adoption to maintenance in the diabetes aerobic and resistance exercise trial","volume":"37","author":"Tulloch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200212000-00020","article-title":"Correlates of adults\u2019 participation in physical activity: review and update","volume":"34","author":"Trost","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2015-0289","article-title":"Motivators and barriers for older people participating in resistance training: a systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Burton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Aging Phys Act."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-0009.12197","article-title":"Achieving research impact through co-creation in community-based health services: literature review and case study","volume":"94","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.2337\/dc05-1981","article-title":"Resistance training and type 2 diabetes: considerations for implementation at the population level","volume":"29","author":"Eves","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181915670","article-title":"American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults","volume":"41","author":"Ratamess","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0083","first-page":"217","article-title":"Evidence-based resistance training recommendations for muscular hypertrophy","volume":"17","author":"Fisher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sport."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00307.2012","article-title":"Resistance exercise load does not determine training-mediated hypertrophic gains in young men","volume":"113","author":"Mitchell","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00154.2016","article-title":"Neither load nor systemic hormones determine resistance training-mediated hypertrophy or strength gains in resistance-trained young men","volume":"121","author":"Morton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1113\/EP087435","article-title":"The effect of short-duration resistance training on insulin sensitivity and muscle adaptations in overweight men","volume":"104","author":"Ismail","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4209-8","article-title":"A higher effort-based paradigm in physical activity and exercise for public health: making the case for a greater emphasis on resistance training","volume":"17","author":"Steele","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"2021122205333314800_CIT0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2017.09.012","article-title":"A minimal dose approach to resistance training for the older adult; the prophylactic for aging","volume":"99","author":"Fisher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa835\/34968070\/dgaa835.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/106\/2\/309\/41847686\/dgaa835.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/106\/2\/309\/41847686\/dgaa835.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T03:54:17Z","timestamp":1697082857000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/106\/2\/309\/5974964"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa835","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]}}}