{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:22:14Z","timestamp":1790835734267,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-00641"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-00641"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) and Graves\u2019 disease (GD) are known to coaggregate in families, but the magnitude and nature of a shared etiology is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To estimate the shared genetic influence on overt HT and GD and to examine if the heritability differs between men and women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, setting, and patients<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used national health registries to identify cases of HT and GD in a cohort of 110 814 Swedish twins. By comparing intra-class and cross-twin cross-trait correlations in dizygotic and monozygotic twins, we calculated heritability and the proportions thereof shared between the diseases. Univariate estimates of heritability were calculated by sex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The heritability for HT and GD was 65% (95% CI, 61-70) and 63% (95% CI, 55-72), respectively. The genetic correlation was 0.35 (95% CI, 0.20-0.50) and shared genetic effects accounted for 8% of the variance for both HT and GD. Univariate heritability was significantly higher in men than in women for HT (90% vs 60%, P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.001) but not for GD (79% vs 63%, P\u2005=\u20050.085).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From a genetic perspective, HT and GD appear to be only modestly related diseases. Hence, the term \u201cautoimmune thyroid disease,\u201d used to cluster these disorders, may have limited validity in a genetic context. Moreover, the mechanisms contributing to HT are partly different for the sexes, with genetic components more important in men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T09:30:08Z","timestamp":1609407008000},"page":"e1101-e1110","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Limited Genetic Overlap Between Overt Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis and Graves\u2019 Disease in Twins: A Population-based Study"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3738-1367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Skov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Karlstad Central Hospital, Karlstad, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Calissendorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrik","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6091-9914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olle","family":"K\u00e4mpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"K.G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Diseases, University of Bergen, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9193-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophie","family":"Bensing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection Theme, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3765-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Kuja-Halkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 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