{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:43:10Z","timestamp":1791240190463,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,2]],"date-time":"2021-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017190","name":"Anti Doping Denmark","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research Foundation of Rigshospitalet"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is frequently observed in men and is associated with subsequent testosterone deficiency although the long-term effect on gonadal function is still unclear. Serum insulin-like factor 3 (INSL3) has been suggested to be a superior biomarker of Leydig cell secretory capacity compared to testosterone.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate serum INSL3 concentrations in AAS users.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This community-based, cross-sectional study included men aged 18 to 50 years, involved in recreational strength training and allocated to 1 of 3 groups: never-AAS users as controls (n = 44), current (n = 46), or former AAS users (n = 42) with an average duration since AAS cessation of 32 (23 ; 45) months.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Serum INSL3 was lower in current AAS users and former AAS users than in controls, median (interquartile range), 0.04 \u00b5g\/L (nondetectable [ND]-0.07 \u00b5g\/L) and 0.39 \u00b5g\/L (0.24-0.62 \u00b5g\/L) vs 0.59 \u00b5g\/L (0.45-0.72 \u00b5g\/L), P less than .001. Former AAS users exhibited lower serum INSL3 levels than controls in a multivariable linear regression even after adjusting for serum total testosterone (TT) and other relevant confounders, (B) (95% CI), \u20130.16 \u00b5g\/L (95% CI, \u20130.29 to \u20130.04 \u00b5g\/L), P equal to .011. INSL3 and TT were not associated in the model, P equal to .821. Longer accumulated AAS duration (log2) was associated with lower serum INSL3 in former AAS users, (B) (95% CI), \u20130.08 (95% CI, \u20130.14 to \u20130.01), P equal to .022. Serum INSL3, but not inhibin B or testosterone, was associated with testicular size in a multivariate linear regression, (B) (95% CI); 4.7 (95% CI, 0.5 to 8.9), P equal to .030.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Serum INSL3 is reduced years following AAS cessation in men, independently of testosterone, suggesting persistently impaired Leydig cell capacity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,11]],"date-time":"2021-03-11T09:40:24Z","timestamp":1615455624000},"page":"e2664-e2672","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Serum Insulin-like Factor 3 Levels Are Reduced in Former Androgen Users, Suggesting Impaired Leydig Cell 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