{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:34:56Z","timestamp":1792096496265,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Animal studies suggested that vitamin D might decrease insulin resistance. Estrogen increased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in rodents. However, sex-specific association of vitamin D with insulin resistance in humans remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the sex-dependency of the association of insulin resistance and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in a large Caucasian population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross-sectional study from out-patients\u2019 blood samples with measurements of 25(OH)D and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) drawn at exactly the same day (n\u2005=\u20051887). This cohort was divided into 3 groups: (1) group with vitamin D deficiency (n\u2005=\u20051190), (2) group with vitamin D sufficiency (n\u2005=\u2005686), and (3) vitamin D excess groups (n\u2005=\u200511); the vitamin D excess group was excluded from further analysis due to the small size.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Analysis of the entire study population showed that serum 25(OH)D was inversely associated with HOMA-IR [Spearman correlation coefficient (rs)\u2005=\u2005\u22120.19, P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.0001]. When considering the vitamin D status, this association was only seen in the vitamin D deficiency group but not in the vitamin D sufficient group. The correlation was sex-dependent: HOMA-IR was inversely correlated with vitamin D in women with vitamin D deficiency (rs\u2005=\u2005\u22120.26, P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.0001) but not in men with vitamin D deficiency (rs\u2005=\u20050.01, P\u2005=\u20050.714). After multivariate linear regression analysis considering confounding factors, this relationship was again only seen in women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D was inversely and independently associated with insulin resistance only in women with vitamin D deficiency. Based on our data, we suggest that in particular vitamin D deficient women might benefit from vitamin D substitution by improving insulin resistance. This, however, needs to be proven in adequately designed double-blind placebo-controlled clinical studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T05:24:03Z","timestamp":1617254643000},"page":"e3739-e3747","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Sex-Dependent Association of Vitamin D With Insulin Resistance in Humans"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4997-1257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fifth Department of Medicine (Nephrology\/Endocrinology\/Rheumatology), University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Charit\u00e9\u2014Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, 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