{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T17:16:56Z","timestamp":1778519816005,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES044006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES044006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUPS2-S-09-00196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUPS2-S-09-00196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN291200555546C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN291200555546C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Social & Scientific Systems Inc"},{"name":"Nutrition Center at the CHOP"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000097","name":"National Center for Research Resources","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000097","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Soy formula feeding is common in infancy and is a source of high exposure to phytoestrogens, documented to influence vaginal cytology in female infants. Its influence on minipuberty in males has not been established.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess the association between infant feeding practice and longitudinally measured reproductive hormones and hormone-responsive tissues in infant boys.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Infant Feeding and Early Development study was a prospective cohort of maternal\u2013infant dyads requiring exclusive soy formula, cow milk formula, or breast milk feeding during study follow-up. In the 147 infant boy participants, serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, stretched penile length, anogenital distance, and testis volume were longitudinally assessed from birth to 28 weeks. We examined feeding-group differences in age trajectories for these outcomes using mixed-effects regression splines.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Median serum testosterone was at pubertal levels at 2 weeks (176 ng\/dL [quartiles: 124, 232]) and remained in this range until 12 weeks in all feeding groups. We did not observe differences in trajectories of hormone concentrations or anatomical measures between boys fed soy formula (n\u2005=\u200555) and boys fed cow milk formula (n\u2005=\u200554). Compared with breastfed boys (n\u2005=\u200538), soy formula\u2013fed boys had a more rapid increase in penile length (P\u2005=\u2005.004) and slower initial lengthening of anogenital distance (P\u2005=\u2005.03), but no differences in hormone trajectories.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Reproductive hormone concentrations and anatomical responses followed similar trajectories in soy and cow milk formula\u2013fed infant boys. Our findings suggest that these measures of early male reproductive development do not respond to phytoestrogen exposure during infancy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,20]],"date-time":"2021-05-20T02:09:19Z","timestamp":1621476559000},"page":"2635-2645","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Reproductive Hormone Concentrations and Associated Anatomical Responses: Does Soy Formula Affect Minipuberty in Boys?"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5090-6909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen B","family":"Chin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, 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S","family":"Zemel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan I","family":"Schall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eileen G","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, 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