{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T07:11:58Z","timestamp":1781766718441,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Research Fund of Rigshospitalet"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002918","name":"Copenhagen University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002918","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Denmark"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004785","name":"NORDFORSK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["71450"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71450"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing, and intrauterine hyperglycemia is suspected to affect offspring cognitive function.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We assessed academic performance by grade point average (GPA) in children aged 15 to 16 years at compulsory school graduation, comparing offspring exposed to GDM (O-GDM) with offspring from the background population (O-BP).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This register-based, cohort study comprised all singletons born in Denmark between 1994 and 2001 (O-GDM: n\u2005=\u20054286; O-BP: n\u2005=\u2005501\u2005045). Standardized and internationally comparable GPAs were compared in univariate and multivariable linear models. Main outcome measures included the adjusted mean difference in GPA. We also analyzed the probability of having a high GPA, a GPA below passing, and no GPA registered.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>O-GDM had a GPA of 6.29 (SD 2.52), whereas O-BP had a GPA of 6.78 (SD 2.50). The adjusted mean difference was \u20130.36 (95% CI, \u20130.44 to \u20130.29), corresponding to a Cohen\u2019s D of 0.14. O-GDM had a lower probability of obtaining a high GPA (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.68; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.79), while their risk of obtaining a GPA below passing was similar to O-BP (aOR 1.20; 95% CI, 0.96 to 1.50). O-GDM had a higher risk of not having a GPA registered (aOR 1.38; 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.53).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Academic performance in O-GDM was marginally lower than in O-BP. However, this difference is unlikely to be of clinical importance.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]],"date-time":"2021-06-22T12:38:48Z","timestamp":1624365528000},"page":"e4554-e4564","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Academic Performance in Adolescents Born to Mothers With Gestational Diabetes\u2014A National Danish Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8650-9227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerda Ferja","family":"Heldarskard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nordsj\u00e6llands Hospital, Hiller\u00f8d, Denmark"},{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne L\u00e6rke","family":"Spangmose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna-Karina Aaris","family":"Henningsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikke","family":"Wiingreen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Nordsj\u00e6llands Hospital, Hiller\u00f8d, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik Lykke","family":"Mortensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina Wullum","family":"Gundersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nordsj\u00e6llands Hospital, Hiller\u00f8d, Denmark"},{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4522-672X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rikke Beck","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sine","family":"Knorr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Damm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Center for Pregnant Women with Diabetes, Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet and Department of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie Lyng","family":"Forman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8340-104X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anja","family":"Pinborg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine Dalsgaard","family":"Clausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Nordsj\u00e6llands Hospital, Hiller\u00f8d, Denmark"},{"name":"University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0001","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","author":"International Diabetes Federation.","year":"2017","edition":"8th ed"},{"key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0002"},{"key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0003","first-page":"22","volume-title":"Diabetes and Pregnancy: Blood Sugar of Newborn Infants","author":"Pedersen","year":"1952"},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4206-6","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and adverse perinatal outcomes from 716,152 births in France in 2012","volume":"60","author":"Billionnet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1790","article-title":"The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study: associations of GDM and obesity with pregnancy outcomes","volume":"35","author":"Catalano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1596","article-title":"High prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre-diabetes in adult offspring of women with gestational diabetes mellitus or type 1 diabetes: the role of intrauterine hyperglycemia","volume":"31","author":"Clausen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4914-1","article-title":"Developmental overnutrition and obesity and type 2 diabetes in offspring","volume":"62","author":"Perng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20154234","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4234","article-title":"Diabetes in pregnancy and childhood cognitive development: a systematic review","volume":"137","author":"Adane","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0142583","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142583","article-title":"Maternal diabetes and cognitive performance in the offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Camprubi Robles","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)01495-1","article-title":"Pancreatic islet transplantation in diabetic pregnant rats prevents acquired malformation of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in their offspring","volume":"299","author":"Harder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0859-9","article-title":"Exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus induces neuroinflammation, derangement of hippocampal neurons, and cognitive changes in rat offspring","volume":"14","author":"Vuong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation."},{"key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2014.06.004","article-title":"Retardation of fetal dendritic development induced by gestational hyperglycemia is associated with brain insulin\/IGF-I signals","volume":"37","author":"Jing","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Dev Neurosci."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2010.08.009","article-title":"Maternal arachidonic acid supplementation improves neurodevelopment in young adult offspring from rat dams with and without diabetes","volume":"84","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.12.028","article-title":"Visual evoked potentials in infants of diabetic mothers: relations to clinical and metabolic status during pregnancy and delivery","volume":"120","author":"Brinciotti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0162113","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162113","article-title":"The influence of gestational diabetes on neurodevelopment of children in the first two years of life: a prospective study","volume":"11","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"issue":"13","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199109263251303","article-title":"Correlations between antepartum maternal metabolism and intelligence of offspring","volume":"325","author":"Rizzo","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0168","article-title":"Long-term cognitive implications of intrauterine hyperglycemia in adolescent offspring of women with type 1 diabetes (the EPICOM study)","volume":"39","author":"Bytoft","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"9","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-007-0744-7","article-title":"School marks for Swedish children whose mothers had diabetes during pregnancy: a population-based study","volume":"50","author":"Dahlquist","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1073","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3028","article-title":"Gestational diabetes hinders language development in offspring","volume":"122","author":"Dionne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2827","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1225","article-title":"Cognitive function and army rejection rate in young adult male offspring of women with diabetes: a Danish population-based cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Nielsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67107","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067107","article-title":"Cognitive function in adult offspring of women with gestational diabetes\u2014the role of glucose and other factors","volume":"8","author":"Clausen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03300.x","article-title":"Cognitive function in adult offspring of women with type 1 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Clausen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabet Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0223","article-title":"Academic achievement in primary school in offspring born to mothers with type 1 diabetes (the EPICOM study): a register-based prospective cohort study","volume":"38","author":"Knorr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"10","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1847-0","article-title":"Childhood cognitive ability: relationship to gestational diabetes mellitus in India","volume":"53","author":"Veena","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"issue":"5","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13083","article-title":"Diagnosing gestational diabetes mellitus in the Danish National Birth Cohort","volume":"96","author":"Olsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand."},{"key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0026"},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dew334","article-title":"Academic performance in adolescents born after ART\u2014a nationwide registry-based cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Spangmose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79200","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0079200","article-title":"Predictors of intelligence at the age of 5: family, pregnancy and birth characteristics, postnatal influences, and postnatal growth","volume":"8","author":"Eriksen","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1996.tb14164.x","article-title":"Intrauterine growth curves based on ultrasonically estimated foetal weights","volume":"85","author":"Mars\u00e1l","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0030","author":"Bates","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-21706-2","volume-title":"Modern Applied Statistics With S.","author":"Venables","year":"2002","edition":"4th ed."},{"key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116438","article-title":"An analysis of MRI derived cortical complexity in premature-born adults: regional patterns, risk factors, and potential significance","volume":"208","author":"Hedderich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroimage."},{"key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S91125","article-title":"The Danish National Patient Registry: a review of content, data quality, and research potential","volume":"7","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0034","first-page":"320","article-title":"The Danish Medical Birth Registry","volume":"45","author":"Knudsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dan Med Bull."},{"key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.40.2.S121","article-title":"Long-term prospective evaluation of offspring of diabetic mothers","volume":"40","author":"Silverman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetes."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4736-6","article-title":"The impact of restricted gestational weight gain by dietary intervention on fetal growth in women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"61","author":"Kurtzhals","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia."},{"issue":"6","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0934-2","article-title":"Effect of parental obesity and gestational diabetes on child neuropsychological and behavioral development at 4 years of age: the Rhea mother-child cohort, Crete, Greece","volume":"26","author":"Daraki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0133010","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133010","article-title":"Maternal obesity, overweight and gestational diabetes affect the offspring neurodevelopment at 6 and 18 months of age\u2014a follow up from the PREOBE cohort","volume":"10","author":"Torres-Espinola","year":"2015","journal-title":"PloS One."},{"key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963735","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/963735","article-title":"Associations of existing diabetes, gestational diabetes, and glycosuria with offspring IQ and educational attainment: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children","volume":"2012","author":"Fraser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp Diabetes Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1057\/eej.2014.22","article-title":"What you do in high school matters: high school GPA, educational attainment, and labor market earnings as a young adult","volume":"41","author":"French","year":"2015","journal-title":"East Econ J"},{"key":"2021120108542850900_CIT0041","volume-title":"Mange unge har ikke afsluttet folkeskolen.","author":"Pihl","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab451\/39552933\/dgab451.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/106\/11\/e4554\/41378568\/dgab451.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/106\/11\/e4554\/41378568\/dgab451.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T13:44:27Z","timestamp":1638366267000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/106\/11\/e4554\/6307584"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab451","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,22]]}}}