{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:25:42Z","timestamp":1793053542983,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23DK121888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DK121888"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Adrenal tumors are commonly discovered incidentally on cross-sectional abdominal imaging performed for reasons other than adrenal mass. Incidence of adrenal tumors increased 10-fold in the past 2 decades, with most diagnosed in older adults. In any patient with a newly discovered adrenal mass, determining whether the adrenal mass is malignant and whether it is hormonally active is equally important to guide the best management. Malignancy is diagnosed in 5% to 8% of patients with adrenal tumors, with a higher risk in young patients, if history of extra-adrenal malignancy, in those with large adrenal tumors with indeterminate imaging characteristics, and in bilateral adrenal tumors. Although overt hormone excess is uncommon in adrenal incidentalomas, mild autonomous cortisol secretion can be diagnosed in up to 30% to 50% of patients. Because autonomous cortisol secretion is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and metabolic abnormalities, all patients with adrenal incidentalomas require work up with dexamethasone suppression test. Management of adrenal tumors varies based on etiology, associated comorbidities, and patient\u2019s preference. This article reviews the current evidence on the diagnosis and evaluation of patients with adrenal mass and focuses on management of the most common etiologies of adrenal incidentalomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T14:51:15Z","timestamp":1626274275000},"page":"3331-3353","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":192,"title":["Approach to the Patient With Adrenal Incidentaloma"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"106","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9332-2524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irina","family":"Bancos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4821-0336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Prete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2021120108554642500_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz284","article-title":"Adrenal incidentalomas are tied to increased risk of diabetes: findings from a prospective study","volume":"105","author":"Reimondo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021120108554642500_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30314-4","article-title":"Epidemiology of adrenal tumours in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA: a population-based cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Ebbehoj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120108554642500_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0486","article-title":"A nationwide survey of adrenal incidentalomas in Japan: the first report of clinical and epidemiological features","volume":"67","author":"Ichijo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr J."},{"issue":"2","key":"2021120108554642500_CIT0004","first-page":"637","article-title":"A survey on adrenal incidentaloma in Italy. 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