{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T19:30:15Z","timestamp":1785180615847,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627948800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21AR073018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21AR073018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000069","name":"National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01AR063910"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01AR063910"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Veterans Affairs","award":["5IK2CX001717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5IK2CX001717"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Experimental studies suggest that vitamin D receptor signaling may benefit the gut microbiome. In humans, whether vitamin D supplementation directly alters the gut microbiome is not well studied.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine whether correcting vitamin D deficiency with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3, D3) or calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 25(OH)D3) changes gut microbiome composition.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>18 adults with vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] &amp;lt;20 ng\/mL) received 60 \u00b5g\/day of D3 or 20 \u00b5g\/day of 25(OH)D3 for 8 weeks. Changes in serum 25(OH)D, 1,25-diydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), and 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (24,25(OH)2D) were assessed. We characterized composition of the fecal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and examined changes in \u03b1-diversity (Chao 1, Faith\u2019s Phylogenetic Diversity, Shannon Index), \u03b2-diversity (DEICODE), and genus-level abundances (DESeq2).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vitamin D3 and 25(OH)D3 groups were similar. After 8 weeks of vitamin D3, mean 25(OH)D and 24,25(OH)2D increased significantly, but 1,25(OH)2D did not (25(OH)D: 17.8-30.1 ng\/mL, P\u2005=\u2005.002; 24,25(OH)2D: 1.1 to 2.7 ng\/mL, P\u2005=0.003; 1,25(OH)2D: 49.5-53.0 pg\/mL, P\u2005=\u2005.9). After 8 weeks of 25(OH)D3, mean 25(OH)D, 24,25(OH)2D, and 1,25(OH)2D increased significantly (25(OH)D: 16.7-50.6 ng\/mL, P\u2005&amp;lt;\u2005.0001; 24,25(OH)2D: 1.3-6.2 ng\/mL, P\u2005=\u2005.0001; 1,25(OH)2D: 56.5-74.2 pg\/mL, P\u2005=\u2005.05). Fecal microbial \u03b1-diversity and \u03b2-diversity did not change with D3 or 25D3 supplementation. Mean relative abundance of Firmicutes increased and mean relative abundance of Bacterioidetes decreased from baseline to 4 weeks, but returned to baseline by study completion. DESeq2 analysis did not confirm any statistically significant taxonomic changes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In a small sample of healthy adults with vitamin D deficiency, restoration of vitamin D sufficiency with vitamin D3 or 25(OH)D3 did not lead to lasting changes in the fecal microbiota.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T18:11:08Z","timestamp":1628014268000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pilot Trial of Vitamin D3 and Calcifediol in Healthy Vitamin D Deficient Adults: Does It Change the Fecal Microbiome?"],"prefix":"10.1210","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0695-7976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Shieh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S Melanie","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venu","family":"Lagishetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carter","family":"Gottleib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine and Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vatche and Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John S","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine and Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2021090314030411300_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz037","article-title":"Vitamin D status in the United States, 2011-2014","volume":"110","author":"Herrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"issue":"7","key":"2021090314030411300_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"7195","key":"2021090314030411300_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07008","article-title":"A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory 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