{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:53:15Z","timestamp":1787932395166,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A high prevalence of vitamin D (VD) deficiency in COVID-19 patients has been reported and hypothesized to increase COVID-19 severity likely because of its negative impact on immune and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, clear associations between hypovitaminosis D and fat body mass excess and diabetes, factors associated with COVID-19 severity, have been widely recognized.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate in COVID-19 patients the relationship between VD levels and inflammatory response, body mass index (BMI), blood glucose (GLU), and disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Patients admitted to San Raffaele-Hospital for COVID-19 were enrolled in this study, excluding those with comorbidities and therapies influencing VD metabolism. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels, plasma GLU levels, BMI, and inflammatory parameters were evaluated at admission.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 88 patients were included. Median VD level was 16.3 ng\/mL and VD deficiency was found in 68.2% of patients. VD deficiency was found more frequently in male patients and in those affected by severe COVID-19. Regression analyses showed a positive correlation between VD and PaO2\/FiO2 ratio, and negative correlations between VD and plasma GLU, BMI, neutrophil\/lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein, and interleukin 6. Patients with both hypovitaminosis D and diabetes mellitus, as well those with hypovitaminosis D and overweight, were more frequently affected by a severe disease with worse inflammatory response and respiratory parameters, compared to those without or just one of these conditions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We showed, for the first-time, a strict association of VD levels with blood GLU and BMI in COVID-19 patients. VD deficiency might be a novel common pathophysiological mechanism involved in the detrimental effect of hyperglycemia and adiposity on disease severity.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab599","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T16:34:17Z","timestamp":1628786057000},"page":"e348-e360","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Vitamin D Levels Are Associated With Blood Glucose and BMI in COVID-19 Patients, Predicting Disease Severity"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Luigi","family":"di Filippo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnese","family":"Allora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Doga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Formenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Medicine Service, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2615-3649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrizia","family":"Rovere Querini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Division of Transplantation, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Frara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6783-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Giustina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"13","key":"2021121823131290400_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316","article-title":"Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"2021121823131290400_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China [published correction appears in JAMA. 2021;325(11):1113]","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"2021121823131290400_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0968-3","article-title":"Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"2021121823131290400_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-020-09569-2","article-title":"Endocrine and metabolic aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic [published correction appears in Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2021;22(1):145]","volume":"21","author":"Marazuela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"2021121823131290400_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02294-5","article-title":"COVID-19 and endocrine diseases. 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