{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:32:11Z","timestamp":1791419531806,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004196","name":"Odense University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Region of Southern Denmark"},{"name":"municipality of Odense"},{"name":"dense Patient data Explorative Network"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008392","name":"Danish Council for Independent Research, Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8020-00123B_FSS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8020-00123B_FSS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF17OC0029404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF17OC0029404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF19OC0058266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF19OC0058266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES021477"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES021477"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Human exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been associated with reduced duration of breastfeeding, although not consistently so, and mechanisms by which PFAS might affect breastfeeding are unknown.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To examine the association between early pregnancy serum-PFAS concentrations and breastfeeding termination and to elucidate the potential role of serum-prolactin concentrations in pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pregnant women from the Odense Child Cohort provided blood samples for analysis of 5 major PFAS (n = 1300) and prolactin concentrations (n = 924). They subsequently provided information about the duration of breastfeeding in questionnaires at 3 and 18 months postpartum, and a subgroup also provided breastfeeding information via weekly cell phone text messages. Associations between serum-PFAS concentrations and breastfeeding termination were analyzed using Cox regressions, while linear regression was used to assess associations between serum-PFAS and prolactin concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Increased serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, and \u2211PFAS were associated with a 16% (95% CI: 4%-30%), 14% (95% CI: 2%-26%), 14% (95% CI: 3%-27%), and 20% (95% CI: 6%-36%), respectively, increased risk of terminating breastfeeding at any given time after childbirth. Serum-PFAS concentrations were not associated with serum-prolactin concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These findings are of public health importance due to the global exposures to PFAS. Because breastfeeding is crucial to promote both child health and maternal health, adverse PFAS effects on the ability to breastfeed may have long-term health consequences.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,16]],"date-time":"2021-09-16T13:01:05Z","timestamp":1631797265000},"page":"e631-e642","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Pregnancy Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Associations With Prolactin Concentrations and Breastfeeding in the Odense Child Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9847-2038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara Amalie Gade","family":"Timmermann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4603-9504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne Skovsager","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esben","family":"Budtz-J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henriette","family":"Boye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Odense Child Cohort, Hans Christian Andersen Children\u2019s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5657-405X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flemming","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0141-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard Christian","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Signe","family":"Bruun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hans Christian Andersen Children\u2019s Hospital, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Strategic Business Unit Pediatric, Arla Foods Ingredients Group P\/S, Viby J, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steffen","family":"Husby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hans Christian Andersen Children\u2019s Hospital, Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Grandjean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2311-5778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina Kold","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Odense Child Cohort, Hans Christian Andersen Children\u2019s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark"},{"name":"Open Patient data Exploratory Network (OPEN), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0001","author":"Schrenk","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0002","volume-title":"Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls.","author":"Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-018-0094-1","article-title":"A review of the pathways of human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and present understanding of health effects","volume":"29","author":"Sunderland","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b04806","article-title":"A never-ending story of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)?","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.01.011","article-title":"Characterisation of human exposure pathways to perfluorinated compounds\u2013comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure","volume":"37","author":"Haug","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"issue":"17","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10466","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02237","article-title":"Breastfeeding as an exposure pathway for perfluorinated alkylates","volume":"49","author":"Mogensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075; author reply 1075","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.7.1075","article-title":"Breastfeeding and the weanling\u2019s dilemma","volume":"94","author":"Grandjean","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"10017","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01024-7","article-title":"Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect","volume":"387","author":"Victora","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0009","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0010","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019"},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0011","volume-title":"Amning: Temarapport og \u00e5rsrapport. B\u00f8rn f\u00f8dt i 2014.","author":"Johansen","year":"2016"},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0012","volume-title":"Mad til sm\u00e5\u2014fra m\u00e6lk til familiens mad.","author":"Sundhedsstyrelsen, F\u00f8devarestyrelsen","year":"2020","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0013","volume-title":"Amning\u2014en ha\u030andbog for sundhedspersonale.","author":"Sundhedsstyrelsen","year":"2018","edition":"4th ed"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.12.2000","article-title":"Low breastfeeding rates and public health in the United States","volume":"93","author":"Wolf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6909.2009.01021.x","article-title":"Variables associated with breastfeeding duration","volume":"38","author":"Thulier","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs."},{"issue":"2","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E405","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00495.2015","article-title":"Biological underpinnings of breastfeeding challenges: the role of genetics, diet, and environment on lactation physiology","volume":"311","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2013.4506","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for early, undesired weaning attributed to lactation dysfunction","volume":"23","author":"Stuebe","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334405279001","article-title":"Clinical lactation practice: 20 years of evidence","volume":"21","author":"Wambach","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hum Lact."},{"issue":"6","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0013","article-title":"Why do women stop breastfeeding? Findings from the pregnancy risk assessment and monitoring system","volume":"116","author":"Ahluwalia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-1315i","article-title":"Why mothers stop breastfeeding: mothers\u2019 self-reported reasons for stopping during the first year","volume":"122","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.04.034","article-title":"Maternal serum perfluoroalkyl substances during pregnancy and duration of breastfeeding","volume":"149","author":"Romano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.07.010","article-title":"Shorter duration of breastfeeding at elevated exposures to perfluoroalkyl substances","volume":"68","author":"Timmermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2908","article-title":"Maternal concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and duration of breastfeeding","volume":"36","author":"Fei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e027","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000027","article-title":"Maternal plasma concentrations of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and breastfeeding duration in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort","volume":"2","author":"Rosen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Epidemiol."},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2014.10.026","article-title":"Effects of perfluorooctane sulfuric acid on placental PRL-family hormone production and fetal growth retardation in mice","volume":"401","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12183","article-title":"The Odense Child Cohort: aims, design, and cohort profile","volume":"29","author":"Kyhl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.10.113","article-title":"A sensitive method for determination of a broad range of perfluorinated compounds in serum suitable for large-scale human biomonitoring","volume":"1216","author":"Haug","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Chromatogr A."},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.109101","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to perfluorodecanoic acid is associated with lower circulating concentration of adrenal steroid metabolites during mini puberty in human female infants: the Odense Child Cohort","volume":"182","author":"Jensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0144","article-title":"Maternal prolactin is associated with glucose status and PCOS in pregnancy: Odense Child Cohort","volume":"183","author":"Overgaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"9","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2017.0054","article-title":"Breastfeeding, infant formula, and introduction to complementary foods-comparing data obtained by questionnaires and health visitors\u2019 reports to weekly short message service text messages","volume":"12","author":"Bruun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med."},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.010","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl substances and glycemic status in pregnant Danish women: the Odense Child Cohort","volume":"116","author":"Jensen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00601-X","article-title":"Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus by a model based on risk indicators: a prospective study","volume":"189","author":"Jensen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0033","author":"Supplementary data for:","year":"2021"},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.05.011","article-title":"Association of perfluoroalkyl substances exposure in utero with reproductive hormone levels in cord blood in the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children\u2019s Health","volume":"94","author":"Itoh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12634","article-title":"Higher maternal serum prolactin levels are associated with reduced glucose tolerance during pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Ekinci","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2008.11.054","article-title":"Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid on mouse mammary gland development and differentiation resulting from cross-foster and restricted gestational exposures","volume":"27","author":"White","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol."},{"issue":"8","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002741","article-title":"Gestational and chronic low-dose PFOA exposures and mammary gland growth and differentiation in three generations of CD-1 mice","volume":"119","author":"White","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect."},{"issue":"4","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2012.02.004","article-title":"Perfluorooctanoic acid effects on ovaries mediate its inhibition of peripubertal mammary gland development in Balb\/c and C57Bl\/6 mice","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol."},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203161","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3203161","article-title":"Mediating Roles of PPARs in the effects of environmental chemicals on sex steroids","volume":"2017","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4772","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2006-0437","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha activation during pregnancy severely impairs mammary lobuloalveolar development in mice","volume":"147","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2014.12.002","article-title":"The mammary gland is a sensitive pubertal target in CD-1 and C57Bl\/6 mice following perinatal perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) exposure","volume":"54","author":"Tucker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2022011805253747200_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2008.10.003","article-title":"Differential effects of peripubertal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid on mammary gland development in C57Bl\/6 and Balb\/c mouse strains","volume":"27","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol."}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab638\/40523327\/dgab638.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/107\/2\/e631\/42224374\/dgab638.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/107\/2\/e631\/42224374\/dgab638.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T05:26:39Z","timestamp":1642483599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/107\/2\/e631\/6369501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab638","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]}}}