{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:15:01Z","timestamp":1792512901295,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The use of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) in children and adolescents has expanded since its initial approval to treat patients with severe GH deficiency (GHD) in 1985. rhGH is now approved to treat several conditions associated with poor growth and short stature. Recent studies have raised concerns that treatment during childhood may affect morbidity and mortality in adulthood, with specific controversies over cancer risk and cerebrovascular events. We will review 3 common referrals to a pediatric endocrinology clinic, followed by a summary of short- and long-term effects of rhGH beyond height outcomes. Methods to mitigate risk will be reviewed. Finally, this information will be applied to each clinical case, highlighting differences in counseling and clinical outcomes. rhGH therapy has been used for more than 3 decades. Data are largely reassuring, yet we still have much to learn about pharmaceutical approaches to growth in children and the lifelong effect of treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T14:04:17Z","timestamp":1634133857000},"page":"847-861","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Approach to the Patient: Safety of Growth Hormone Replacement in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4747-6949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vaneeta","family":"Bamba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9653-8865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roopa","family":"Kanakatti Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The George Washington University School of Medicine, Children\u2019s National Hospital, Washington, DC 20010, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3253","key":"2022021713154417100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1126\/science.125.3253.884","article-title":"Metabolic effects of human and monkey growth hormone in man","volume":"125","author":"Beck","year":"1957","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022021713154417100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-18-8-901","article-title":"Treatment of a pituitary dwarf with human growth hormone","volume":"18","author":"Raben","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1 Pt 2","key":"2022021713154417100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(97)70001-5","article-title":"The not-so-good old days: working with pituitary growth hormone in North America, 1956 to 1985","volume":"131","author":"Frasier","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"2022021713154417100_CIT0004","first-page":"10","article-title":"Degenerative neurologic disease in patients formerly treated with human growth hormone. 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