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Primary CH is diagnosed by neonatal screening, which has been implemented for 40 years in developed countries and should be introduced worldwide, as early treatment prevents irreversible neurodevelopmental delay. Central CH is a rarer entity occurring mostly in association with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies. Other rare disorders impair the action of thyroid hormones. Neonatal Graves\u2019 disease (GD) results from the passage of thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAbs) across the placenta, from mother to fetus. It may affect the fetuses and neonates of mothers with a history of current or past GD, but hyperthyroidism develops only in those with high levels of stimulatory TRAb activity. The presence of antibodies predominantly blocking thyroid-stimulating hormone receptors may result in transient hypothyroidism, possibly followed by neonatal hyperthyroidism, depending on the balance between the antibodies present. Antithyroid drugs taken by the mother cross the placenta, treating potential fetal hyperthyroidism, but they may also cause transient fetal and neonatal hypothyroidism. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to optimizing the child\u2019s prognosis. This review focuses on the diagnosis and management of these patients during the fetal and neonatal periods. It includes the description of a case of fetal and neonatal autoimmune hyperthyroidism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,17]],"date-time":"2021-10-17T16:33:06Z","timestamp":1634488386000},"page":"836-846","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Fetal and Neonatal Thyroid Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3708-7341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliane","family":"L\u00e9ger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Robert Debr\u00e9 University Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology-Diabetology Department, Reference Center for Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, Paris, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris; NeuroDiderot, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clemence","family":"Delcour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris; NeuroDiderot, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), Paris, France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Robert Debr\u00e9 University Hospital, Gynecology and Obstetric Department, Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0424-6767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Carel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Assistance Publique-H\u00f4pitaux de Paris, Robert Debr\u00e9 University Hospital, Pediatric Endocrinology-Diabetology Department, Reference Center for Growth and Development Endocrine Diseases, Paris, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris; NeuroDiderot, Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale (INSERM), Paris, 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