{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:08:45Z","timestamp":1791216525424,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pituitary adenomas (PAs) represent the most frequently found lesions in the sellar region; however, several other lesions may be encountered in this region, such as meningiomas, craniopharyngiomas, and aneurysms. High-quality imaging is fundamental for diagnosis, characterization, and guidance of treatment planning of PAs. Sellar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is considered the imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of lesions in the sella turcica. The sellar MRI standard protocol includes coronal and sagittal T1-weighted spin-echo sequencing with and without gadolinium-based contrast agent and coronal T2-weighted (T2w) fast-spin echo sequencing. A systematic MRI approach to the pituitary region generally provides information that includes the size and shape of the PA, the presence of cysts or hemorrhage within the tumor, its relationship with the optic pathways and surrounding structures, potential cavernous sinus invasion, sphenoid sinus pneumatization type, and differential diagnosis with other sellar lesions. The standard protocol is sufficient for the evaluation of most cases; however, some advanced techniques (susceptibility imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, 3D T2w high-resolution sequences, magnetic resonance elastography, perfusion-weighted imaging) may render additional information, which may be important for some cases. In this \u201capproach to the patient\u201d manuscript, we will discuss the use of standard and advanced MRI sequences in the diagnosis and characterization of PAs, including MRI features associated with treatment response that may aid in presurgical evaluation and planning, and red flags that may point to an alternative diagnosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,15]],"date-time":"2021-12-15T06:24:52Z","timestamp":1639549492000},"page":"1431-1440","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Pituitary MRI Standard and Advanced Sequences: Role in the Diagnosis and Characterization of Pituitary Adenomas"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9250-3558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f4nica R","family":"Gadelha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroendocrinology Research Center\/Endocrinology Division, Medical School and Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Neuropathology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Estadual do C\u00e9rebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Neuroendocrine Unit, Instituto Estadual do C\u00e9rebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monique Alvares","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Instituto Estadual do C\u00e9rebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Radiology Unit, Instituto Nacional de C\u00e2ncer Jos\u00e9 Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"MRI Unit, Cl\u00ednica de Diagn\u00f3stico por imagem, DASA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa Baranski","family":"Lamback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroendocrinology Research Center\/Endocrinology Division, Medical School and Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Neuropathology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Instituto Estadual do C\u00e9rebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Neuroendocrine Unit, Instituto Estadual do C\u00e9rebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz Eduardo","family":"Wildemberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroendocrinology Research Center\/Endocrinology Division, Medical School and Hospital Universit\u00e1rio Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"},{"name":"Neuroendocrine Unit, Instituto Estadual do C\u00e9rebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria Estadual de Sa\u00fade, Rio de Janeiro, 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