{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:04:23Z","timestamp":1782864263122,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001067","name":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001067","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canadian Clinical Trial Network","award":["CCTN1103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCTN1103"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To assess reported rates of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and their association with autoimmune diseases and microvascular complications in adults and children with type 1 diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Gastrointestinal Symptom Scale was used to assess GI symptom type and severity in 2370 patients with type 1 diabetes aged 8 to 45 years evaluated as part of a clinical trial screening for celiac disease (CD). The presence and severity of GI symptoms and relationships with demographic, clinical, and other diabetes-related factors were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Overall, 1368 adults (57.7%) aged 19 to 45 years and 1002 (42.3%) pediatric patients aged 8 to 18 years were studied. At least 1 GI symptom was reported in 34.1% of adults as compared with 21.7% of children (P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.0001). Common symptoms in children included upper and lower abdominal pain while adults more frequently reported lower GI symptoms. Participants with GI symptoms had higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels (68\u2005\u00b1\u200514mmol\/mol; 8.35\u2005\u00b1\u20051.37%) than those without symptoms (66\u2005\u00b1\u200515mmol\/mol; 8.22\u2005\u00b1\u20051.40%; P\u2005=\u20050.041). Patients with microvascular complications (nephropathy, retinopathy, and\/or neuropathy) were 1.8 times more likely to report GI symptoms (95% CI: 1.26-2.60; P\u2005&amp;lt;\u20050.01) after adjusting for age and sex. No association was observed between GI symptoms and the presence of autoimmune conditions, including thyroid and biopsy-confirmed CD (odds ratio\u2005=\u20051.1; 95% CI: 0.86-1.42; P\u2005=\u20050.45).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Main Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>These results highlight that GI symptoms are an important clinical morbidity and are associated with increasing age, duration of type 1 diabetes, HbA1c, and microvascular complications but not with autoimmune comorbidities including CD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T22:29:23Z","timestamp":1645136963000},"page":"e2431-e2437","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Type 1 Diabetes: Relationship With Autoimmune and Microvascular Complications"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1728-1681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia N","family":"De Melo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3001-0213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine B M","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4988-8480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, St. Joseph\u2019s Health Care, Western University, London, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6767-4021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fred","family":"Saibil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3820-7897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather A","family":"Lochnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4894-3617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zubin","family":"Punthakee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, McMaster University, Hamilton, 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