{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:42:20Z","timestamp":1791229340352,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>In children, Graves' disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Most pediatric patients with GD will not go into lasting remission, even following many years of antidrug therapy. Thus, most pediatric patients will require radioactive iodine (RAI) or surgery. When antithyroid drugs are used, methimazole is the drug of choice. When methimazole is used in children, up to 20% will have minor adverse reactions and serious adverse events occur in up to 1%. RAI is an effective form of therapy when the thyroid size is less than 80\u2005g. Because of concerns of whole-body radiation exposure, it is recommended that RAI be avoided in children under 5\u2005years of age, and dosages less than 10\u2005mCi be used between 5 and 10\u2005years of age. Surgery is an effective treatment in children if performed by a high-volume thyroid surgeon. Because of the scarcity of high-volume pediatric thyroid surgeons, a multidisciplinary approach using pediatric surgeons and endocrine surgeons can be considered. Whereas there is a trend toward long-term antithyroid drug therapy in adults, for several reasons, this approach may not be practical for children. Determining the optimal treatment for the pediatric patient with GD, requires consideration of the risks and benefits relating to age and likelihood of remission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T03:19:14Z","timestamp":1664767154000},"page":"3408-3417","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Approach to the Patient: Management and the Long-term Consequences of Graves' Disease in Children"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9920-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott A","family":"Rivkees","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Brown University , Providence, RI 02912 , 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