{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T13:59:07Z","timestamp":1791554347057,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1667174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MD000170 P20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MD000170 P20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000016","name":"United States Department of Health and Human Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000096","name":"National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1U54RR023417-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1U54RR023417-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"DHHS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 DP000210-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 DP000210-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"DHHS Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH RO1DK026190"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH RO1DK026190"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012684","name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012684","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical and Translational","award":["UL1 TR000371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 TR000371"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Some individuals present with forms of diabetes that are \u201catypical\u201d (AD), which do not conform to typical features of either type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D). These forms of AD display a range of phenotypic characteristics that likely reflect different endotypes based on unique etiologies or pathogenic processes.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To develop an analytical approach to identify and cluster phenotypes of AD.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We developed Discover Atypical Diabetes (DiscoverAD), a data mining framework, to identify and cluster phenotypes of AD. DiscoverAD was trained against characteristics of manually classified patients with AD among 278 adults with diabetes within the Cameron County Hispanic Cohort (CCHC) (Study A). We then tested DiscoverAD in a separate population of 758 multiethnic children with T1D within the Texas Children's Hospital Registry for New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes (TCHRNO-1) (Study B).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We identified an AD frequency of 11.5% in the CCHC (Study A) and 5.3% in the pediatric TCHRNO-1 (Study B). Cluster analysis identified 4 distinct groups of AD in Study A: cluster 1, positive for the 65 kDa glutamate decarboxylase autoantibody (GAD65Ab), adult-onset, long disease duration, preserved beta-cell function, no insulin treatment; cluster 2, GAD65Ab negative, diagnosed at age \u226421 years; cluster 3, GAD65Ab negative, adult-onset, poor beta-cell function, lacking central obesity; cluster 4, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)\u2013prone participants lacking a typical T1D phenotype. Applying DiscoverAD to the pediatric patients with T1D in Study B revealed 2 distinct groups of AD: cluster 1, autoantibody negative, poor beta-cell function, lower body mass index (BMI); cluster 2, autoantibody positive, higher BMI, higher incidence of DKA.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>DiscoverAD can be adapted to different datasets to identify and define phenotypes of participants with AD based on available clinical variables.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,31]],"date-time":"2022-10-31T08:38:15Z","timestamp":1667205495000},"page":"834-846","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Data Mining Framework for Discovering and Clustering Phenotypes of Atypical Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9076-6709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hemang M","family":"Parikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL 33612 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3915-5339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cassandra L","family":"Remedios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Informatics Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida , Tampa, FL 33612 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane S","family":"Hampe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2093-5201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashok","family":"Balasubramanyam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan P","family":"Fisher-Hoch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Brownsville Regional Campus , Brownsville, TX 78520 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye Ji","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg Campus , Edinburg, TX 78539 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3303-4253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjeet","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California , Los Angeles, CA 90033 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph B","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Public Health, Brownsville Regional Campus , Brownsville, TX 78520 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria J","family":"Redondo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030 , 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