{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:48:56Z","timestamp":1791560936036,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work aims to review and discuss controversial topics in the field of vitamin D, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and COVID-19.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The International Conferences \u201cControversies in Vitamin D\u201d are a series of workshops that started in 2017 featuring international experts and leaders in vitamin D research and clinical practice. The fifth annual conference was held in Stresa, Italy, September 15 to 18, 2021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Evidence<\/jats:title><jats:p>Before the event, participants reviewed available studies on their assigned topic, drafted a related abstract, and presented their findings at the time of the conference. Relevant literature that became available since was also discussed within the panel and updated accordingly.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Consensus<\/jats:title><jats:p>Before the event, the drafted abstracts had been merged to prepare a preliminary document. After the conference presentations, in-depth discussions in open sessions led to consensus. The document was subsequently modified according to discussions and up-to-date literature inclusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is quite consistent evidence for an association between low 25 OH vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and poor COVID-19 outcomes, despite heterogeneous publications of variable quality. However, the low vitamin D status in COVID-19 patients might also reflect reverse causality. Vitamin D supplementation might have a positive role in COVID-19 prevention. The evidence supporting a beneficial effect of vitamin D treatment in decreasing the risk of COVID-19 complications is conflicting. Conclusive statements regarding the beneficial effect of vitamin D in this context await high-quality, randomized controlled trials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T12:28:05Z","timestamp":1670502485000},"page":"1034-1042","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Consensus and Controversial Aspects of Vitamin D and COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1570-2617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John P","family":"Bilezikian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons , New York, New York 10032 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9905-461X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil","family":"Binkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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