{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:45:35Z","timestamp":1792788335192,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01CA236816-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01CA236816-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Danish Health Foundation","award":["21-B-0063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-B-0063"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Context<\/jats:title>\n Evidence on the long-term and general health of males with gynecomastia is lacking.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To assess health before and following a diagnosis of gynecomastia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A register-based cohort study of 140 574 males, of which 23 429 were diagnosed with incident gynecomastia and age- and calendar-matched (1:5) to 117 145 males without gynecomastia from the background population. Males with gynecomastia were stratified into males without (idiopathic) or with a known preexisting risk factor (disease\/medication). Cox and logistic regression models investigated associations of disease risk according to International Classification of Diseases 10th revision sections following and before gynecomastia diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n A total of 16 253 (69.4%) males in the cohort were identified with idiopathic gynecomastia. These males had a statistically significant higher risk of future disease across all included disease chapters (hazard ratio [HR], 1.19-1.89), with endocrine diseases representing the greatest disease risk (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.76-2.03). The highest subchapter disease risk was observed for disorders of the endocrine glands (odds ratio [OR], 7.27; 95% CI, 6.19-8.54). Similarly, the ORs of comorbidities were higher across all included disease sections (OR, 1.05-1.51), except for psychiatric disease (OR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.68-0.78), with the highest association with musculoskeletal\/connective tissue (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.46-1.57) and circulatory (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.29-1.43) diseases.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The presence of idiopathic gynecomastia is an important first clinical symptom of an underlying disease and a significant predictor of future disease risk. These findings should stimulate more awareness among health care providers to increase identification of gynecomastia and its causes in males.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]],"date-time":"2023-01-31T13:34:10Z","timestamp":1675172050000},"page":"e380-e387","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Increased Morbidity in Males Diagnosed With Gynecomastia: A Nationwide Register-based Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4041-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilie S","family":"Uldbjerg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark"},{"name":"The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1290-5814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youn-Hee","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 1353 , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul 03080 , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9183-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elvira V","family":"Br\u00e4uner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark"},{"name":"The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0534-4350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anders","family":"Juul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark"},{"name":"The International Research and Research Training Centre in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen 2100 , Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2024022620362366700_dgad048-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12636","article-title":"EAA clinical practice guidelines\u2014gynecomastia evaluation and management","volume":"7","author":"Kanakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024022620362366700_dgad048-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp070677","article-title":"Clinical practice. 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