{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:46:43Z","timestamp":1793105203240,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prolactinomas are the most common pituitary tumor histotype, with microprolactinomas being prevalent in women and macroprolactinomas in men. Hyperprolactinemia is among the most common causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in both sexes, prompting medical advice for hypogonadism (infertility, oligo-amenorrhea, impotence, osteoporosis\/osteopenia) in both sexes, and for signs and symptoms of mass effects (hypopituitarism, visual loss, optic chiasm compression, cranial nerve deficits, headaches) predominantly in men. Diagnostic workup involves a single prolactin measurement and pituitary imaging, but some laboratory artifacts (ie, the \u201chook effect\u201d and macroprolactin) can complicate or delay the diagnosis. The treatment of choice for prolactinomas is represented by dopamine agonists, mainly cabergoline, which are able to induce disease control, restore fertility in both sexes, and definitively cure one-third of patients, thus permitting treatment discontinuation. Pregnancy and menopause may promote spontaneous prolactin decline and anticipate cabergoline discontinuation in women. Surgery and\/or radiotherapy are indicated in case of resistance to cabergoline not overcome by the increase in drug dose up to the maximally tolerated or the patient's personal choice of surgery. The evidence of resistance to cabergoline in invasive and proliferative tumors may indicate biological aggressiveness, thus requiring alternative therapeutic approaches mainly based on temozolomide use as monotherapy or combined with radiotherapy. In uncontrolled patients, new medical approaches (alternative hormonal treatments, cytotoxic drugs, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy, mTOR\/Akt inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, or immunotherapy) may be offered but the experience collected to date is still very scant. This article reviews different facets of prolactinomas and discusses approaches to the condition in more common clinical situations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]],"date-time":"2023-03-28T12:45:53Z","timestamp":1680007553000},"page":"2400-2423","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Approach to the Patient With Prolactinoma"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Renata S","family":"Auriemma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Universit\u00e0 Federico II di Napoli , 80131 Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1272-9328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Pirchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Universit\u00e0 Federico II di Napoli , 80131 Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Pivonello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Sanit\u00e0 Pubblica, Universit\u00e0 Federico II di Napoli , 80131 Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Garifalos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Universit\u00e0 Federico II di Napoli , 80131 Naples , Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Unit\u00e0 di Andrologia e Medicina della Riproduzione e Sessualit\u00e0 Maschile e Femminile (FERTISEXCARES), Universit\u00e0 Federico II di Napoli , 80131 Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annamaria","family":"Colao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Universit\u00e0 Federico II di Napoli , 80131 Naples , Italy"},{"name":"Unesco Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, \u201cFederico II\u201d University , 80131 Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9632-1348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosario","family":"Pivonello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Universit\u00e0 Federico II di Napoli , 80131 Naples , Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Sezione di Endocrinologia, Unit\u00e0 di Andrologia e Medicina della Riproduzione e Sessualit\u00e0 Maschile e Femminile (FERTISEXCARES), Universit\u00e0 Federico II di Napoli , 80131 Naples , Italy"},{"name":"Unesco Chair for Health Education and Sustainable Development, \u201cFederico II\u201d University , 80131 Naples , Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023081819570514000_dgad174-B1","volume-title":"Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Endocrine Organs","author":"De Lellis","year":"2004"},{"key":"2023081819570514000_dgad174-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2005-9998","article-title":"Advances in the treatment of prolactinomas","volume":"27(5)","author":"Gillam","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2023081819570514000_dgad174-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03356-X","article-title":"Growth-hormone and prolactin excess","volume":"352(9138)","author":"Colao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2023081819570514000_dgad174-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp025334","article-title":"Clinical practice 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