{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:44:43Z","timestamp":1790700283408,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":120,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1027449, 1044840, and 1021858"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1027449, 1044840, and 1021858"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"NHMRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1053384\/1142858 and 1136046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1053384\/1142858 and 1136046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012505","name":"Royal Perth Hospital Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001030","name":"Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022177","name":"Lions Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022177","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"School of Population"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006090","name":"Global Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006090","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001801","name":"University of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology"},{"name":"Australian Government Research"},{"name":"Raine Study PhD Top-up scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Events during gestation greatly influence the risk of cardiometabolic diseases including diabetes in offspring during later life.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to investigate relationships between serial ultrasound-derived fetal growth trajectories and markers of insulin resistance in young adults in the Raine Study, an Australian pregnancy cohort.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Linear mixed modeling examined the relationship between fetal growth trajectory groups, constructed using serial ultrasound-based abdominal circumference (AC), femur length (FL), and head circumference (HC) from 1333 mother-fetal pairs, and offspring Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), as a marker of diabetes risk, at 20 (n = 414), 22 (n = 385), and 27 (n = 431) years. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, adult lifestyle factors, and maternal factors during pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The study identified 7 AC, 5 FL, and 5 HC growth trajectory groups. Compared to the average-stable (reference) group, a low-falling AC growth trajectory (26%; P = .005) and 2 low HC growth trajectories (20%; P = .006% and 8%; P = .021) were associated with higher adult HOMA-IR. Trajectories representing a high-stable FL and a rising HC were associated with 12% (P = .002) and 9% (P = .021) lower adult HOMA-IR, respectively, compared to the reference group.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Restricted fetal HC and AC from early pregnancy are associated with higher relative insulin resistance in the offspring during adulthood. These data strengthen our understanding of the importance of the intrauterine environment and its effect on the risk of predisposition to adult diabetes and related metabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad292","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,29]],"date-time":"2023-05-29T09:25:55Z","timestamp":1685352355000},"page":"e861-e870","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Fetal Growth Trajectories and Measures of Insulin Resistance in Young Adults"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6408-1602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashish","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia , Perth, 6009 WA , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4853-7360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence J","family":"Beilin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia , Perth, 6009 WA , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rae-Chi","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Health Innovation Research Institute, Edith Cowan University , Perth, 6027 WA , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P","family":"Newnham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia , Perth, 6009 WA , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott W","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Western Australia , Perth, 6009 WA , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5264-9229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trevor A","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UWA Medical School, University of Western Australia , Perth, 6009 WA , Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045","volume":"183","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B2","volume-title":"Diabetes: Australian Facts","author":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare","year":"2023"},{"issue":"10113","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","article-title":"Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128\u00b79 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"390","author":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC).","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","article-title":"Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"issue":"23","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008870","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.008870","article-title":"Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension in adults: a meta-analysis of 7 646 267 participants from 135 studies","volume":"7","author":"Knop","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002156","article-title":"Low birth weight, a risk factor for diseases in later life, is a surrogate of insulin resistance at birth","volume":"37","author":"Tian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hypertens"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/MED.0000000000000698","article-title":"Early anthropometric indicators of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"29","author":"Bakhtiani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70178-0","article-title":"Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals","volume":"3","author":"Kivim\u00e4ki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B9","author":"World Health Organization"},{"issue":"9166","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07546-1","article-title":"The fetal insulin hypothesis: an alternative explanation of the association of low birthweight with diabetes and vascular disease","volume":"353","author":"Hattersley","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000082311","article-title":"Life-long echoes\u2014a critical analysis of the developmental origins of adult disease model","volume":"87","author":"Gluckman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-200606000-00009","article-title":"Adult consequences of fetal growth restriction","volume":"49","author":"Barker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0389-2","article-title":"Low birth weight leads to obesity, diabetes and increased leptin levels in adults: the CoLaus study","volume":"15","author":"Jornayvaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000003035","article-title":"The relationship between intrauterine foetal growth trajectories and blood pressure in young adults","volume":"40","author":"Yadav","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hypertens"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-022-01203-2","article-title":"Relationships between intrauterine fetal growth trajectories and markers of adiposity and inflammation in young adults","volume":"46","author":"Yadav","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"8876","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91944-H","article-title":"Effects of frequent ultrasound during pregnancy: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"342","author":"Newnham","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008136","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-008136","article-title":"Clinical cardiovascular risk during young adulthood in offspring of hypertensive pregnancies: insights from a 20-year prospective follow-up birth cohort","volume":"5","author":"Davis","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","article-title":"2020 International Society of Hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines","volume":"75","author":"Unger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB","article-title":"International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity","volume":"35","author":"Craig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S002","article-title":"2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142021","volume":"44","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B21","author":"Yadav"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010159","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010159","article-title":"Waist-to-height ratio as an indicator of \u2018early health risk\u2019: simpler and more predictive than using a \u2018matrix\u2019 based on BMI and waist circumference","volume":"6","author":"Ashwell","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00952.x","article-title":"Waist-to-height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ashwell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12020157","article-title":"Perinatal origins of adult disease and opportunities for health promotion: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Nobile","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4951-9","article-title":"Intrauterine programming of obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"62","author":"Fernandez-Twinn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00002.2020","article-title":"Developmental origins of metabolic diseases","volume":"101","author":"Hoffman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601939","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2020.601939","article-title":"The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: development, programming actions of hormones, and maternal-fetal interactions","volume":"14","author":"Sheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05683.x","article-title":"Fetal origins of adult diabetes","volume":"1205","author":"Kanaka-Gantenbein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3184","article-title":"Insulin sensitivity and secretory response in adults born preterm: the Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults","volume":"100","author":"Kajantie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa143","article-title":"Mismatch between poor fetal growth and rapid postnatal weight gain in the first 2 years of life is associated with higher blood pressure and insulin resistance without increased adiposity in childhood: the GUSTO cohort study","volume":"49","author":"Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7797","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157797","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia and its pivotal role in aging, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer","volume":"22","author":"Janssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174418000855","article-title":"Lifestyle intervention strategies in early life to improve pregnancy outcomes and long-term health of offspring: a narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Gaillard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ18-0072","article-title":"The association between birth weight and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2019.03.012","article-title":"Decreased insulin sensitivity and abnormal glucose metabolism start in preadolescence in low-birth-weight children\u2014meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105154","article-title":"Premature birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age and chronic non-communicable diseases in adult life: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"149","author":"de Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13380","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13380","article-title":"Low birth weight and small for gestational age are associated with complications of childhood and adolescence obesity: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Mart\u00edn-Calvo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05386-7","article-title":"Two decades since the fetal insulin hypothesis: what have we learned from genetics?","volume":"64","author":"Hughes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0624-3","article-title":"Early-life exposure to substance abuse and risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood","volume":"15","author":"Vaiserman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/485082","article-title":"Early life factors and type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2013","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e290","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30021-9","article-title":"Estimation of national, regional, and global prevalence of alcohol use during pregnancy and fetal alcohol syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Popova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2009.02486.x","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study: associations with maternal body mass index","volume":"117","author":"HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group","year":"2010","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e067516","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067516","article-title":"Anthropometric and adiposity indicators and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"376","author":"Jayedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0177175","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177175","article-title":"Prediction of whole-body fat percentage and visceral adipose tissue mass from five anthropometric variables","volume":"12","author":"Swainson","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B44","first-page":"1384","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) study\u2014generation 2","volume":"46","author":"Straker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023111811142159300_dgad292-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1391-8","article-title":"The Raine Study had no evidence of significant perinatal selection bias after two decades of follow up: a longitudinal pregnancy cohort study","volume":"17","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgad292\/50512895\/dgad292.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/108\/9\/e861\/53510503\/dgad292.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/108\/9\/e861\/53510503\/dgad292.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T11:14:53Z","timestamp":1700306093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/108\/9\/e861\/7182561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgad292","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,29]]}}}