{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:16:41Z","timestamp":1790680601380,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,16]],"date-time":"2023-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Youth-onset type 2 diabetes is a growing epidemic with a rising incidence worldwide. Although the pathogenesis and diagnosis of youth-onset type 2 diabetes are similar to adult-onset type 2 diabetes, youth-onset type 2 diabetes is unique, with greater insulin resistance, insulin hypersecretion, and faster progression of pancreatic beta cell function decline. Individuals with youth-onset type 2 diabetes also develop complications at higher rates within short periods of time compared to adults with type 2 diabetes or youth with type 1 diabetes. The highest prevalence and incidence of youth-onset type 2 diabetes in the United States is among youth from minoritized racial and ethnic groups. Risk factors include obesity, family history of type 2 diabetes, comorbid conditions and use of medications associated with insulin resistance and rapid weight gain, socioeconomic and environmental stressors, and birth history of small-for-gestational-age or pregnancy associated with gestational or pregestational diabetes. Patients with youth-onset type 2 diabetes should be treated using a multidisciplinary model with frequent clinic visits and emphasis on addressing of social and psychological barriers to care and glycemic control, as well as close monitoring for comorbidities and complications. Intensive health behavior therapy is an important component of treatment, in addition to medical management, both of which should be initiated at the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. There are limited but growing pharmacologic treatment options, including metformin, insulin, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors. Although long-term outcomes are not fully known, metabolic\/bariatric surgery in youth with type 2 diabetes has led to improved cardiometabolic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,12]],"date-time":"2023-08-12T08:11:42Z","timestamp":1691827902000},"page":"245-255","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Approach to the Patient: Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4491-3648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talia A","family":"Hitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 200 N. Wolfe Street, Room 3114, Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8792-4278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara S","family":"Hannon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine , 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202 , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0949-4399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheela N","family":"Magge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , 200 N. 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