{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T20:40:37Z","timestamp":1794256837690,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Limited studies have shown a protective effect of very long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLSFAs) on healthy aging, diabetes, heart failure, and risk factors related to cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the role of VLSFAs on mortality risk is unclear.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We aimed to investigate the association of serum docosanoic acid (C22:0) and serum lignoceric acid (C24:0) with all-cause and disease-specific mortality and to confirm the effect of VLSFAs on mortality risk in the whole, hyperlipidemia, and hypertensive populations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 4132 individuals from the 2003-2004, 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were included in this study. There were 1326 and 1456 participants in the hyperlipidemia and hypertensive population, respectively. Mortality information was confirmed using the National Death Index (NDI). Multiple model calibration was performed using Cox regression analysis for known risk factors to explore the association between circulating VLSFAs and all-cause or CVD or coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In the whole population, individuals with higher circulating C22:0 and C24:0 as a percentage of total serum fatty acid levels reduced the risks of mortality of all-cause (C22:0: HR = .409; 95% CI, 0.271-0.618; C24:0: HR = 0.430; 95% CI, 0.283-0.651), CVD (C22:0: HR = 0.286; 95% CI, 0.134-0.612; C24:0: HR = 0.233; 95% CI, 0.101-0.538), and CHD (C22:0: HR = 0.401; 95% CI, 0.187-0.913; C24:0: HR = 0.263; 95% CI, 0.082-0.846). Similar to the whole population, individuals with higher circulating C22:0 and C24:0 as a percentage of total serum fatty acid levels in the hyperlipidemia and hypertensive populations were also protective for all-cause, CHD, and CVD mortality.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our results confirm the protective effect of high levels of circulating VLSFAs (C22:0 and C24:0) on CVD, CHD, and all causes of death in the whole, hyperlipidemia, and hypertensive populations.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T20:32:56Z","timestamp":1695414776000},"page":"e633-e645","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Association of Circulating Very Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids With Cardiovascular Mortality in NHANES 2003-2004, 2011-2012"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1840-7251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinmiao","family":"Tao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6227-507X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pingnan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxia","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Ming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keke","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1229-1450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuntao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MED-X Institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases (CIMD), First Affiliated Hospital of Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University , Xi\u2019an, 710000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7595-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Harbin Medical University , Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150000 , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"80","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000806","article-title":"Very long-chain saturated fatty acids and diabetes and cardiovascular disease","volume":"33","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"issue":"21","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010019","article-title":"Circulating very long-chain saturated fatty acids and heart failure: the cardiovascular health study","volume":"7","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B3","first-page":"1","article-title":"China Cardiovascular diseases report 2015: a summary","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Geriatr Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193533","article-title":"Systematic review of palm oil consumption and the risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"13","author":"Ismail","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10159","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32203-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality for 282 causes of death in 195 countries and territories, 1980-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"GBD 2017 Causes of Death Collaborators","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963471","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.963471","article-title":"Saturated fatty acid biomarkers and risk of cardiometabolic diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1474-3","article-title":"Effect of a trans fatty acid-enriched diet on mitochondrial, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters in the cortex and hippocampus of wistar rats","volume":"57","author":"Longhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-019-1035-2","article-title":"Dietary total fat, fatty acids intake, and risk of cardiovascular disease: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"18","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz174","article-title":"Dietary and pharmacological fatty acids and cardiovascular health","volume":"105","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B10","article-title":"Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease","volume":"5","author":"Hooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P076836","article-title":"Individual serum saturated fatty acids and markers of chronic subclinical inflammation: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study","volume":"58","author":"Santaren","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201500711","article-title":"Plasma fatty acid patterns reflect dietary habits and metabolic health: a cross-sectional study","volume":"60","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002409","article-title":"A combination of plasma phospholipid fatty acids and its association with incidence of type 2 diabetes: the EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Imamura","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.118.312073","article-title":"Association between fatty acids of blood cell membranes and incidence of coronary heart disease","volume":"39","author":"Papandreou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.000889","article-title":"Plasma phospholipid saturated fatty acids and incident atrial fibrillation: the Cardiovascular Health Study","volume":"3","author":"Fretts","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2014.07.010","article-title":"Erythrocyte very long-chain saturated fatty acids associated with lower risk of incident sudden cardiac arrest","volume":"91","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2018.01.007","article-title":"Saturated fatty acids and mortality in patients referred for coronary angiography-The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health study","volume":"12","author":"Kleber","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Lipidol"},{"key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B18","author":"NHANES-National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.13771","article-title":"Trends in dietary carbohydrate, protein, and fat intake and diet quality among US adults, 1999-2016","volume":"322","author":"Shan","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B20","volume-title":"Public use Linked Mortality File [Internet]","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12480","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12480","article-title":"Early pregnancy body mass index modifies the association of pre-pregnancy dietary patterns with serum polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations throughout pregnancy in Brazilian women","volume":"14","author":"Benaim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B22"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1613502","article-title":"Association of changes in diet quality with total and cause-specific mortality","volume":"377","author":"Sotos-Prieto","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/76.6.1261","article-title":"Diet quality and major chronic disease risk in men and women: moving toward improved dietary guidance","volume":"76","author":"McCullough","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.05.021","article-title":"Update of the healthy eating index: HEI-2015","volume":"118","author":"Krebs-Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1937693","article-title":"The associations of circulating common and uncommon polyunsaturated fatty acids and modification effects on dietary quality with all-cause and disease-specific mortality in NHANES 2003-2004 and 2011-2012","volume":"53","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B27"},{"key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B28","volume-title":"USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Legacy","author":"U.S. Department of Agriculture ARS, Nutrient Data Laboratory","year":"2018"},{"issue":"7","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071508","article-title":"Nut and peanut butter consumption and mortality in the national institutes of health-AARP diet and health study","volume":"11","author":"Amba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114521002257","article-title":"Associations of total nut and peanut intakes with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a Japanese community: the takayama study","volume":"127","author":"Yamakawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3383","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103383","article-title":"Low circulating concentrations of very long chain saturated fatty acids are associated with high risk of mortality in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"13","author":"Vogelpohl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz005","article-title":"Associations of circulating very-long-chain saturated fatty acids and incident type 2 diabetes: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"109","author":"Fretts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11123001","article-title":"Plasma phospholipid fatty acids, FADS1 and risk of 15 cardiovascular diseases: A Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3539","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103539","article-title":"Fatty acids and frailty: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"13","author":"Tomata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.10.064","article-title":"Consumption of individual saturated fatty acids and the risk of myocardial infarction in a UK and a danish cohort","volume":"279","author":"Praagman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.222117","article-title":"Associations of plasma phospholipid SFAs with total and cause-specific mortality in older adults differ according to SFA chain length","volume":"146","author":"Fretts","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014911","article-title":"Circulating very-long-chain saturated fatty acids and incident coronary heart disease in US men and women","volume":"132","author":"Malik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2709","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092709","article-title":"Circulating very-long-chain saturated fatty acids were inversely associated with cardiovascular health: A prospective cohort study and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2021.1940885","article-title":"Cardiometabolic impacts of saturated fatty acids: are they all comparable?","volume":"73","author":"Bloise","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab182","article-title":"Circulating ceramides and sphingomyelins and risk of mortality: the cardiovascular health study","volume":"67","author":"Fretts","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.09.015","article-title":"Cers2 haploinsufficiency inhibits beta-oxidation and confers susceptibility to diet-induced steatohepatitis and insulin resistance","volume":"20","author":"Raichur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2011.11.001","article-title":"Chain length-specific properties of ceramides","volume":"51","author":"Grosch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"issue":"22","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18429","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.296947","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte specific deficiency of serine palmitoyltransferase subunit 2 reduces ceramide but leads to cardiac dysfunction","volume":"287","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"2024011817412331400_dgad561-B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100459","article-title":"Role of apoptosis in disease","volume":"4","author":"Favaloro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"}],"container-title":["The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgad561\/52789472\/dgad561.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/109\/2\/e633\/55524199\/dgad561.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article-pdf\/109\/2\/e633\/55524199\/dgad561.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T17:44:27Z","timestamp":1705599867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcem\/article\/109\/2\/e633\/7280134"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgad561","relation":{},"ISSN":["0021-972X","1945-7197"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0021-972X","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7197","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]}}}