{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:50:59Z","timestamp":1791618659062,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"The Endocrine Society","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,27]],"date-time":"2023-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003793","name":"The Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003793","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Faculty of Medicine at University of Gothenburg"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005349","name":"The National Board of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Dnr 1471:806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dnr 1471:806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005349","name":"The National Board of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["94-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["94-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005349","name":"The National Board of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Swedish Research Council"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Swedish Research Council"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005349","name":"The National Board of Health and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Forte 2013-1737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Forte 2013-1737"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005349","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swedish government"},{"name":"county councils"},{"name":"ALF-agreement","award":["Dnr ALFGBG-682061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dnr ALFGBG-682061"]}]},{"name":"ALF-agreement","award":["ALFGBG-2895"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ALFGBG-2895"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Context<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Turner syndrome (TS) is the most common chromosomal aberration in women; it is the result of structural or numeric abnormalities in the X chromosome. Autoimmune hypothyroidism has been recognized as one of the more prominent disorders associated with TS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This work aimed to study the prevalence of autoimmune diseases in TS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional, longitudinal, 25-year follow-up study was conducted of patients from adult Turner centers at the University Hospitals, Sweden. During 1994 to 2020, a total of 503 women aged 16 to 71 years with TS were evaluated consecutively every fifth year according to national guidelines. A random population sample of women, n = 401, aged 25 to 44 years, from the World Health Organization Monitoring of Trends and Determinants for Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA) project served as controls. Serum thyrotropin, free thyroxine, vitamin B12, antithyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO), and antitransglutaminase antibodies were measured.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Mean follow-up time (years) was 16 \u00b1 7 for patients and 13 \u00b1 1 for controls. From study start, the prevalence increased in TS for hypothyroidism 40% to 58%, vitamin B12 deficiency 5% to 12%, celiac disease 4% to 7%, positive anti-TPO 26% to 41%, and antitransglutaminase antibodies 6% to 8% (P &amp;lt; .0001 vs controls). Type 1 diabetes and Addison disease were rare. The only interrelationship was between hypothyroidism and vitamin B12 deficiency, both in TS and controls. No association between autoimmune disease and karyotype, antecedent growth hormone treatment, or ongoing estrogen hormone replacement, was seen in TS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In women with TS up to older than 80 years, more than half developed hypothyroidism, mainly autoimmune, during follow-up. Awareness of vitamin B12 deficiency and celiac disease throughout life is also recommended in women with TS.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T17:07:36Z","timestamp":1695661656000},"page":"e602-e612","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Autoimmune Disease in Turner Syndrome in Sweden: An up to 25 Years\u2019 Controlled Follow-up Study"],"prefix":"10.1210","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9245-6205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Naess\u00e9n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health, Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden"},{"name":"Academic Primary Health Care Centre , 117 63 Stockholm , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malin","family":"Eliasson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Health Care , 442 34 Kung\u00e4lv , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5557-5085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kerstin","family":"Berntorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genomics, Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Lund University , 222 42 Malm\u00f6 , Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital , 214 28 Malm\u00f6 , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margareta","family":"Kitlinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital , 214 28 Malm\u00f6 , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2288-628X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Penelope","family":"Trimpou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , 413 45 Gothenburg , Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , 413 45 Gothenburg , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2639-8980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Amundson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , 413 45 Gothenburg , Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , 413 45 Gothenburg , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Thunstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg , 413 45 Gothenburg , Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , 413 45 Gothenburg , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8732-7361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bertil","family":"Ekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Link\u00f6ping University Hospital , 581 85 Link\u00f6ping , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4061-6830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeanette","family":"Wahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, \u00d6rebro University Hospital , 701 85 \u00d6rebro , Sweden"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, \u00d6rebro University , 701 12 \u00d6rebro , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital , 751 85 Uppsala , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Isaksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital , 751 85 Uppsala , Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4900-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Bergstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Solna , 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